162 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [SEPTEMBER 
been able to make upon these subjects during some eight weeks 
of field work in the summers of 1898, 1899, and Igol, together 
with such a summary of the origin and development of the 
marshes as seems necessary to an understanding of the present 
subject. 
Literature and other sources of information. 
From the present, or indeed, from any, point of view, there 
is practically no scientific literature upon the vegetation of these 
marshes. A very brief list, of but six species, of the plants 
characteristic of the wild salt marsh was given by Goodwin in 
1893, and references to a species or two occur in some of the 
papers later to be cited; but further there is nothing. Upon the 
geological origin, structure and economics of the marshes, how- 
ever, there are valuable publications to be mentioned later. As 
to the literature of salt marshes in other parts of America, this 
also is scanty. Shaler, in two or three of his works, has given 
brief descriptions of the mode of formation and economics of 
those of the Atlantic coast of the United States, and, recently, 
valuable contributions have appeared by Kearney, by Harsh- 
berger, and by Lloyd and Tracy. There are references to salt 
marshes in Warming’s and in Schimper’s well-known general 
works, and there are papers on the salt marshes of Europe by 
Warming, by Flahault and Combres, and by others, and there is 
a synopsis of those of Germany in Drude’s work. 
Any account of the changes in vegetation brought about in 
the process of reclamation of the sea-bottoms in the Netherlands 
would be of interest in this connection, but such I have not 
found, nor have I been able to see a paper by Theen on the 
diked marshes of Schleswig-Holstein, mentioned by Drude 
(p. 390). Upon bogs, into which the marshes often merge, 
there is of course an ample literature, partly summarized in the 
first paper of this series. All of the works above-mentioned 
will be referred to their proper places later, and are cited in full 
in the bibliography at the end of this paper.? 
the marsh country there are residents who are experts in all matters pertain- 
ing to the economics of the marshes, and from several of them I have obtained most 
valuable information, which I wish here gratefully to acknowledge. I am particu- 
larly indebted in this way to Mr. W. C. Milner, of Sackville, President of the Misse- 
