362 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [NOVEMBER 
est tides, by which, with the aid of its own decaying parts, it can 
build itself somewhat above the marsh, thus affording conditions 
for a limited mesophytic herbaceous vegetation, though this 
appears never to go very far, and never to include any woody 
plants whatsoever. In other places, small abrupt knolls of 
similar vegetation occur, which appear to be due to low hillocks 
pushed up by floating ice, though this point is uncertain. ° This 
association is composed of two dominant, with several secondary 
and some occasional members, as follows: 
SraticE Limontum CarouintAnum Gray. Limonium Carolt- 
nianum (Walt.) Britton.—Locally called wild cabbage. A very 
characteristic plant of the marshes, an important member of the 
dense vegetation of the high marsh with which it is much inter- 
mixed, and beyond which it extends in scattered clumps on new 
marsh, thus forming the vanguard in the advance downward upon 
the Salicornetum; also frequently in a band along the lower 
outer side of the dikes (figs. ro, zr). 
A very marked vegetation-form, and the only one of the kind 
on the marsh; a rosette perennial, producing a cluster of radical 
petioled broad smooth leaves, usually so numerous as to afford 
one another much protection, and capable of much change of 
position according to surroundings. The plants are smallest on 
the saltest places, with leaves but 2-3 (5—8°™) long, and largest 
on the high grassy marsh when the leaves may be nearly 12"(30™) 
long. Its leaves, stem, and root all possess a very abundant 
mucilage (apparently its chief xerophytic character), occurring 
even in the epidermis, and apparently intermixed with much 
tannin (which turns the plant black in formalin), a well but not 
extremely developed epidermis and cork. Its root-hairs can 
endure 50 to 60 per cent. of salt water without plasmolysis. It 
appears to attain its full size in a single season from seed, which 
explains the rapidity with which it takes possession of new 
marsh. It blossoms very late (in full bloom August 27, 1899); 
like other halophytes. Insect- and wind-pollinated. Like some 
other halophytes, it forms a jelly coating around its young roots, 
especially at the cap. 
PLANTAGO MARITIMA L.—Locally called goose tongue. Occurs 
