374 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [NOVEMBER 
Rhododendron maximum forms a dense jungle along the 
borders of streams (Rhododendron maximum Association). Next 
to the secondary species mentioned above, the most important 
component of this forest is Rhododendron maximum, associated 
with Kalmia latifolia. The shade formed by these shrubs is so 
dense that few plants can exist init. Saplings of Aesculus pavia, 
Fagus ‘americana, and Tsuga canadensis, and a few herbs, such 
as Mitchella repens and Viola rotundifolia, seem to flourish, over- 
shadowed by the laurel and rhododendron. Under the decidu- 
ous trees, where more light filters down to the forest floor, are 
found Podophyllum peltatum, Arisaema triphyllum, Cypripedium 
acaule, Cimicifuga racemosa, Sanguinaria canadensis, Euphorbia 
corollata, Lysimachia quadrifolia, Tradescantia montana, Galium 
latifolium, Pedicularis canadensis, Circaea lutetiana, Phytolacca 
decandra, Astilbe biternata, Mitchella repens, Scutellaria pilosa, 
Peramium pubescens, and such a sciaphilous33 herb as Galax 
aphylla. Associated with these occur Silene virginica, Cacalia 
atriplicifolia, Zizia Bebbii, Lilium superbum in damp places 
(Lilium Association), with Thalictrum coriaceum. As lianes one 
finds Aristolochia macrophylla, Vitis aestivalis, Celastrus scan- 
dens, Smilax rotundifolia crenulata. 
The dripping rocks, with damp soil pockets, support such 
plants as Trillium erectum, Salomonia biflora, Vagnera racemosa, 
Kneiffia fruticosa, Houstonia serpyllifolia, Thalictrum clavatum. 
In drier situations grow Caulophyllum thalictroides, Impatiens 
biflora, Adiantum pedatum, and Botrychium virginianum. 
The clearings in the forest are tenanted by a number of intro- 
duced weeds, such as Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Plantago 
lanceolata, P. Rugelii, Oxalis stricta, Trifolium repens, Carex 
rosea radiata, Achillea millefolium, Solanum carolinense, Arabis- 
canadensis, Senecio aureus, and abandoned apple trees ( Plantago- 
Achillea Association). Rubus strigosus forms dense bramble 
thickets in such areas (Rubus Association). 
The dominant forest trees belonging to the Castanea-Quercus- 
Acer Association found on the slopes of Grandfather Mountain 
from an elevation of 3,800 to 4,500* (1,£50-1,370™) are Castanea. 
33 POUND and CLEMENTS, The phytogeography of Nebraska, 166. 1900. 
