1903 | FLORA OF NORTH CAROLINA 375 
dentata, Quercus coccinea, Q. Phellos, Q. platanoides, Q. alba, 
- Fagus americana, Magnolia acuminata, Robinia pseudacacia, 
Acer rubrum, Nyssa sp.; while as secondary species, usually 
found beneath the dominant ones, can be mentioned Prunus 
pennsylvanica, Rhododendron maximum, Hamamelis virginiana, 
and Kalmia latifolia. On this mountain the woody plants of 
less obvious importance, which may be considered to form a still 
lower story, are Pieris floribunda, Sassafras, and Robinia hispida, 
the last forming an almost pure growth (Rodinia hispida Associa- 
tion). The herbaceous plants beneath the trees are Galax 
aphylla, Medeola virginiana, Diodia virginiana, Silene virginica, 
Pedicularis canadensis, Asclepias exaltata, Lysimachia quadri- 
folia, Osmunda cinnamomea, Dryopteris marginalis, Pteridium 
aquilinum, Uvularia puberula, Prunella vulgaris, Podophyllum 
peltatum, Ceanothus americanus, Monarda didyma, Chrysan- 
themum leucanthemum, Cerastium viscosum, Trifolium repens, 
and near cultivation Glechoma hederacea. 
The forest on the northern slopes of Roan Mountain is similar 
to those on the Swannanoa River and Grandfather Mountain. 
It comprises the Mixep Decipuous Formation with the Castanea- 
Quercus-Acer Association, as well characterized as at the places 
described above. 
Reaching an elevation of 4,500 (1,370™) on the Black 
Mountain Range, Picea mariana is found sparingly in the forest, 
as outposts of the main coniferous forest above. Associated in 
such places, the botanist finds as an indication of a rise in alti- 
tude, Diphylleia cymosa, Veratrum viride, Rhododendron lutea, 
Thalictrum clavatum, and an abundance of Houstonia serpylli- 
folia. As he approaches ‘Half Way” (5,200", 1585™) the 
forest of deciduous trees becomes more open by the lowering 
of the crown of the dominant trees ( Aesculus-Acer-Betula Associa- 
tion) which are here Castanea dentata, with flat-topped crown, as 
“an index of altitude, Quercus rubra, Q. coccinea, Aesculus pavia, 
Quercus alba, Acer saccharum, Betula lutea, and an occasional 
Picea mariana. 
A somewhat different assemblage of species is found on Grand- 
father Mountain at an elevation above 4,500* (1,370™). The 
