En 
VOLUME XXXVI NUMBER 6 
BOTANICAL GAZETTE 
DECEMBER, 1903 
ON THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGI- 
CAL RELATIONS OF THE BOG PLANT SOCIETIES 
OF NORTHERN NORTH AMERICA. 
EDGAR N. TRANSEAU. 
(WITH THREE MAPS) 
By the term “bog-plant societies,” as used in this paper is 
meant that group of plant societies which is commonly found 
inhabiting undrained depressions and marshy grounds in the 
northern United States and Canada. In the northern states they 
have become noted for their possession of such anomalous plants 
as the sundew, pitcher-plant, tamarack, and cranberry. Although 
not so well known, the cassandra, rosemary, and Labrador tea 
are quite as interesting. 
‘DRAINED SWAMP” AND ‘“UNDRAINED SWAMP” SOCIETIES. 
There have been a number of descriptions of these bogs pub- 
lished in connection with local ecological studies, and in several 
instances have comparisons been made between them and the 
other swamps of the region. They are referred to as “‘undrained 
swamps,” in contrast with the groups of ‘drained swamp”’ soci- 
eties which may be found on adjoining low grounds and along 
stream courses. The latter group may be briefly summarized 
by noting that in the region under discussion it is commonly 
made up of such plants as Typha latifolia’, Scirpus lacustris, 
Juncus effusus, Carex riparia, Polygonum emersum, P. sagittatum, 
Cephalanthus occidentalis, Cornus stolonifera, C. candidissima, 
*Nomenclature of Britton’s Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Can- 
ada, Igor. 
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