1903] VEGETATION OF THE BAY OF FUNDY MARSHES 437 
ful habit and bright green color of its dominant form, the 
broadleaf. 
The association is composed of but a single truly dominant 
member but with several secondary forms. 
SPARTINA CYNOSUROIDES Willd. Broadleaf.— Preeminently 
the character-plant of the reclaimed wet marsh, great areas of 
which consist of it almost exclusively. It occurs also around 
the margins of the freshwater lakes and streams, to a slight 
extent upon the matured Staticetum, along the tide-water and 
nearly fresh ditches, on the new mud of the lakes in reclamation 
and in the bottoms of aboideaued streams. It is of very great 
economic importance as hay, second only in value to the 
timothy and couch. 
Its vegetation-form embraces the usual grass type, but with 
unusually large air-passages, luxuriant and markedly mesophytic 
structure, and a considerable power of salt resistance in its roots. 
Will stand considerable tiding. Its root-hairs endure nearly 
50 per cent. of salt water without plasmolysis, and very likely 
have a specific power of resistance to the somewhat poisonous 
constituents of the blue-clay. 
Cicura macutata L. Called locally (by one person) caraway 
(sic).—Very abundant in places among the broadleaf, raising its 
upper leaves and flowers much above that form and so abundant 
that when in flower it gives the marsh a whitish look from a 
distance. It is a poisonous plant, but leaves and stems appear 
Not to be injurious when dry, though horses have been supposed 
to have been poisoned by eating the roots. . 
CaREX maritima O. F. Mueller. Watergrass or fresh-water 
grass.—The characteristic form where there is standing water 
in isolated places on the marsh, in such places often replacing 
the broadleaf, though usually more or less intermingled with it. 
It stands. salt water well in tiding. 
CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS Beauv. Blue joint. — Occurs in 
places as a secondary member in the wet marsh, often in large 
closed patches, but especially along the ditches and toward the 
bogs, and along the courses of the streams in the bogs, where it 
Sometimes grows in long, dense, closed masses. Also in places 
upon the dry marsh in the Phleumetum. 
