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1903 | VEGETATION OF THE BAY OF FUNDY MARSHES 439 
times the watergrass. The association as a whole goes down 
very readily before the bog-marsh, which is constantly tending 
to invade it, and which has to be constantly fought by the marsh- 
farmers, partly by improving the drainage and partly by the 
admission of the tide. 
7. THE CAREX-ASPIDIUM, OR BOG-MARSH ASSOCIATION, OR ASPIDETUM. 
The characteristic association of the transition from Mac 
rospartinetum or broadleaf, to bog,*? occupying the places with 
constant hydrostatic water in the soil, but with little above it, 
resulting in a mixture of grass-like and bog-like plants. Where 
the transition from broadleaf to bog is gradual this band is wide, 
elsewhere narrow or wanting. It is marked by four dominant 
forms. 
SPHAGNUM RECURVUM vars. PARVIFLORUM (Sendt.) Warn., and 
IMBRICATUM (Hornsch.),‘* with very likely others. —The most 
characteristic plant of this association, and the invariable leader 
of its advance upon the broadleaf. 
CAREX FILIFORMIS L.— A very characteristic member of the 
association, often abundant enough to give it the appearance of 
ameadow. Vegetation-form not studied. 
AsPipium THELYPTERIS Swartz. Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) A. 
Gray.—Very abundant and a characteristic member of the asso- 
ciation. Vegetation-form and ecological characters not studied, 
but being in so aberrant a position for a fern, it offers an inviting 
Opportunity for the study of a proper physiological life-history. 
POTENTILLA PALUSTRIS Scop. Comarum palustre L.— Also 
abundant and characteristic, but not studied ecologically. 
With these occur several secondary forms, inclining usually to gregarious 
patches : Evcocharis palustris R. Br.; Equisetum limosum L. (EZ. fluviatile L.); 
Eriophorum vaginatum L., and other sedges; Epilobium palustre L.; P. ar “e* 
mites communis Trin. [P. Phragmites (L.) Karst.], locally called “quills” ; 
Vaccinium oxycoccus L. [Oxycoccus Oxycoccus (L.) MacM.], and others, 
together with visitors from neighboring associations. 
Characteristic of this region also, and also occurring to some extent on 
43Omitted from figs. 7, 8, because when those were drawn I had intended to 
include this association in part with Macrospartinetum and in pes with Caricetum, 
but further study of the subject makes it seem best to treat it as a distinct Seer 
“4 Identified for me by Dr. C. Warnstorf, of Neuruppin, Germany, ihe. eee 
authority in this group. 
