1903] VEGETATION OF THE BAY OF FUNDY MARSHES 44! 
thickness. It floats upon a foot or two of water, beneath which 
is the true marsh mud, blue for a few inches from the surface, 
and below that red to the bottom. As a rule the bog is firm 
enough to walk upon, though it trembles beneath the tread, but 
in places it is unsafe. 
The dominant plants are, of course, the sedges, chief of which 
are the following: 
Carex filiforms L., and Eriophorum vaginatum L., from the 
preceding association, are equally or nearly as characteristic of 
this; also Carex stricta decora Bailey, Carex Magellanica Lam., 
Eriophorum gracile Koch, and others. 
With these are associated as a principal though hardly as a 
dominant member Menyanthes trifoliata L., the Buck-bean, which 
is especially abundant on the margins of streams and ponds, and 
with it is Calla palustris L. Among the sedges occurs some 
Sphagnum, but this, in the floating bogs, is by no means a domi- 
nant plant. 
Upon this floating mat grow many other plants, many of 
them distributed in groups the determinants of which are not 
plain. Thus, especially near the transition occur large areas of 
very abundant Eguisetum limosum L.; in other places Eleocharis 
palustris R.Br., is densely abundant. Further out large areas are 
nearly covered with Zypha Jatifolia L. (cattails); again groups 
of Phragmites communis Trin. (quills) occur. Mynica gale L. is also 
abundant. Among less abundant plants are Juncus Canadensts 
J. Gay, and ¥. Balticus Ltoralis Engelm., Sparganium simples 
Huds., Sarracenia purpurea L., Drosera rotundifolia L., Epilobium 
dinearis Walt., and a few others. But I have not attempted to 
make a proper ecological study of these bogs, which I hope 
upon another occasion to consider much more fully. 
9. THE HEATH, OR FLAT (SOLID) BOG ASSOCIATION, OR ERICETUM. 
I have not attempted to make any ecological study of this 
association. It occurs mostly around the margin of the 
Caricetum on the parts furthest from the sea, and between the 
Tivers, as at Sunken Island (fig. 7), and is readily distinguished 
y the presence of abundant trees of larch and black spruce, and 
