1894.] Notes and News. 85 
ium Thiim., and Notes from the botanical laboratory of Iowa Agri- 
cultural College. The presidential address was also given by Prof. 
Pammel, the subject being: Bacteria; their relation to modern medi- 
cine, the arts and industries. 
the physiology of particular species of plants throughout their life 
history is greatly needed. The practical, as well as the scientific, im- 
great. It is true that physiological inquiries, whether on plants or 
animals are difficult to carry on. However these things which are 
hard to find out are the very ones our institutions for experimental 
should be equipped and trained workers employed for investigations 
on the physiology of cultivated plants.” 
and as the orders of the lower plants are found to be equivalent to the 
“series” of Bentham and Hooker, the former term is made to sup- 
plant the latter, and the so-called “orders” of the manuals become 
simply “families,” Of course the group of “Apetale” is not kept sep- 
= six “branches” are Protophyta (fission algze, including bacteria), 
ycophyta (green and brown algze), Carpophyta (the old “spore-fruit’ 
group), Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, and Anthophyta. 
‘ THE RADIATION AND ABSORPTION of heat by leaves has been studied 
er (Am. Jour. Science 45: 340-346. 1893). He found 
pig very different texture of leaves. 
abe mullein are essentially alike in their relation to heat. ’ 
A and other flowers transmit much more heat, and retain 
found to dif The upper and lower surface of leaves were not 
of burdoc ‘Wer in their behavior toward heat, with the single exception 
from the u;, which radiates but four-fifths as much from the lower as 
of = ol surface. Leaves are among the best absorbers and 
€atknown. A coating of dew over the surface, however, 
uce the radiation by one-third. 
