Sheppard: Extinct Animals of East Yorkshire. 227 
Scandinavia and the Lake District came along our coasts 
and deposited great heaps of morainic rubbish, which in 
places are two hundred feet or more in thickness. This 
filled up the old preglacial bay, it entirely covered up and 
obliterated the old cliff line, choked up river channels, and 
plastered the slopes of the chalk wolds to the west. The 
ice brought with it bones, teeth and tusks of animals that 
may have died upon it, or the remains of which may have 
been gathered up in its course. Such specimens occasion- 
ally occur in the boulder clay, quite haphazard, and are 
frequently picked up on the beach, having been washed out 
of the cliffs by the sea. The boulder-clay specimens are 
often glacially striated. 
Another good series of remains occurs in the line of 
gravel hills, which extends across Holderness, some of which 
have been and others are still being excavated. This 
series of mounds really represents a moraine of the great 
North Sea glacier, and in addition to containing glaciated 
rocks, and countless marine shells from the beds of the North 
Sea, includes a number of remains of the walrus, as well 
as of many land animals. 
It is interesting to note that a precisely similar assem- 
blage occurs at Spitsbergen, and has been described by Mr. 
E. J. Garwood in the “ Geographical Journal’’ for April 
1897, page 367. Mr. Garwood there says: ‘“‘ An interesting 
point to notice is the mode of advance of these [Spitz- 
bergen] glaciers, the top layers, shearing over the lower 
ones, advance more rapidly, until they overhang to such 
am extent that. they. break on, torming “a” talus’’ ot 
ice below; over this the glacier advances, finally over- 
riding the moraine completely. Glaciers advancing in 
this manner do not, therefore, push forward loose material 
lying in their path, but flow ‘over it. The lower layers of 
ice, embayed behind this obstacle, are, however, dragged 
over it by the upper advancing layers, and bring up with 
them fragments of the raised beach frozen into their under 
surfaces. Dr. Gregory and myself found no difficulty in 
collecting fragments of driftwood, shells, and bones of 
whales, mixed with pebbles, which had been raised several 
hundred feet above the level of the beach in this manner.”’ 
At Spitzbergen, then, there is at the present day a process 
‘going on in all probability precisely similar in character 
to that which took place in Holderness long, long ago ; 
the results in each case being identical. This is all the more 
interesting when it is borne in mind how far both examples 
are separated, both in time and distance. 
The animal remains found in these Holderness gravel 
pits include the Mammoth, straight-tusked Elephant, Irish 
Io June 1. 
