390 Crossland: Fungus Foray at Sandsend. 
necessity for studying the life-history of a fungus in order to 
understand it properly, the carrying out of which has upset 
many of the older ideas. He was, practically, the referee on 
fungi for the whole world a good number of years, and himself 
described between 5000 and 6000 species. 
L. R. Tulasne was a mycologist of whom the French are 
justly proud. He and his brother worked out the morphology 
and life-history of various ascigerous fungi. They, with 
Berkeley, suspected that many forms of fungi then considered 
as entities, were not so in reality, but only phases in the life- 
cycle of a single species ; their ideas in this direction have been 
proved to be correct in many cases. The great work of the 
brothers Tulasne was their ‘ Selecta Fungorum Carpologia ’ 
(1861-1865), in three folio volumes illustrated by 61 plates, 
which, for exquisite beauty, detail, and accuracy, have never 
been equalled. 
De Bary introduced the pure culture method of tracing 
the development, step by step, of the life-history, in the labora- 
tory, of numerous fungi amenable to that treatment. In 1864 
he commenced a series of beautifully illustrated monographs, 
issued at intervals until 1882, in each of which new ground is 
broken. The discovery of Heterocism in the Uredines cleared 
the way for a better understanding of this group ; numerous 
so-called species were wiped out, and the way indicated whereby 
those form-genera could be relegated to their true affinities. 
Dr. M. C. Cooke has filled an unique role on the mycological 
stage. He has written many books on British and Exotic 
Fungi. The ‘ Handbook’ published 40 years ago is still useful. 
The ‘ Illustrations of British Fungi’ is a stupendous piece of 
work which men of less talent and determination could never 
have brought to a successful issue. 
Cooke has also the credit of having rendered possible, the 
study of fungi in many remote parts of the world, by naming 
many thousands of specimens received from numerous corres- 
pondents. Such authentically named specimens served as a 
starting-point, and enabled his correspondents to continue the 
study of their respective fungus floras. 
Prof. Saccardo worked on different lines from any of the 
others. He compiled a Universal Fungus Flora, with references 
to figures, descriptions, etc., taken from all obtainable sources. 
Additions are constantly being made to this enormous under- 
taking, of fungi of every description, occurring in every part of 
the world. 
The summary of the work done in this district under the 
auspices of the Union, announced in the circular for Wednesday 
evening, is not given, as it was thought very desirable, by per- 
mission of Lord Normanby, to continue it through another 
season at least. We think this method will be more in accord- 
Naturalist, 
