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University of Calif ornia Publications in Zoology. [Vol.6 



WARBLERS WITHOUT WHITE MARKINGS. 



Vt rmivora pt n grina 

 Vt rmivora n lata ct lata 

 Vt rmivora <\ lutt set ns 

 Vt minora e. sordida 

 V t nun mo rubricapilla 

 Oporornis philadi Iphia 



II, linaia swainsoni 



II, Imitht ros vt rmivorus 



Vt rmivora virginiae 



]'i nuirora lut'iae 



Seiurus aurocapillus 



Si lurus motacilla 



St iiinis noveboract nsis 



Op Intermediate Range. 



Of the fifty-seven warblers here treated, thirty-three have 

 well-defined white top-patterns. Of these, twenty are high 

 rangers, a number of them emphasizing their preference by 

 choosing a nesting site at the extraordinary level of seventy. 

 eighty, or even ninety feet from the ground. 



It is a curious fact that a careful sifting of the recorded 

 observations discovers no unmarked warbler belonging properly 

 to the high feeding beats. A few, such as V< rmivora ct lata, occur 

 at variable heights and may be seen in the tops of trees; but these 

 usually nest low, upon or near the ground, and are usually 

 assigned an intermediate feeding beat. It seems to be true on 

 the whole that the plain "protectively colored" warblers are 

 unrepresented in the upper strata of our deciduous forests, that 

 thej r are common at the medium levels, and, as shown in the table, 

 belong mainly in the lower stratum, that of thickets, brush 

 areas, tangles about marshy places. Briefly put, the situation 

 among warblers seems to be: no plain plumages seen at the 

 highest levels. But the converse — no marked plumages at lowest 

 levels — is not strictly true. No arbitrary line is drawn. About 

 the same number of the marked and unmarked occupy the inter- 

 mediate feeding beats and nesting sites. It seems reasonable to 

 infer, however, from the results shown by this tabulation that 



