278 



Uiiiiu rsitij of Calif oynia Publications in Zoologij [A'ol. 15 



reduction of temperature and salinity in the upper levels. This de- 

 duction is strikingly verified by the observations discussed on pages 

 260 and 262. 



Other theoretical investigations, not yet published, not only con- 

 firm the above conclusions but afford estimates of several other quau- 

 tities measured as well as unmeasured. For example, a theoretical 

 result which has not been checked directly is shown by the diagram- 

 matic representation of the vertical eirculatiou (text -fig. C). Ad- 

 jacent stream lines include one-tenth (0.1) of the total volume of 

 water flowing upward, and next to the coast, where the distance be- 

 tween the stream lines is a minimum, the vertical velocity is a maxi- 



mum which, according to theoretical results based on observations 

 made prior to 1915, could not have averaged more than one hundred 

 meters per month. The actual stream lines ai'e, of course, not parallel 

 to the plane of the diagram because of the horizontal flow jiarallel to 

 the coast. 



Again, the amount of solar radiation absorbed per meter of sea- 

 water was deduced from the distribution of temperatures in the Pacific 

 Ocean represented on Thorade's (1909) charts and from our own 

 temperature observations. The resulting relation of the intensity of 

 radiation to depth is expressed by the formula 



(1) / = Je - 0.00.14; 

 where / is the intensity at the depth ^ meters, A is the intensity at 



