158 WAITE 
Though many of the species dealt with have previously been 
illustrated by outline figures, these cannot be regarded as 
satisfactory, and the opportunity has been embraced of 
refiguring a number of them. 
Further, an attempt-has-been made to supply an oft expressed 
deficiency in the matter of descriptions, many of the earlier 
ones in especial, being scarcely recognisable, and in order to 
facilitate the identification of species, consultative keys have 
in places been supplied at the request of persons more or less 
interested in our fishes. Such aids are more properly regarded 
as appertaining to a manual or hand-book but no such work is 
yet available. 
Finally, at the request of Mr. L. F. Ayson, Chief Inspector of 
Fisheries for the Dominion, and officer in charge of the 
trawling expedition, I have dealt somewhat fully with the 
Pleuronectidae. The flat fishes have never been adequately 
examined, and as a preliminary effort I have given some atten- 
tion to the subject. I believe that as a result, their recognition 
will be much simpler than heretofore. 
ISOSPONDYLI. 
Family CLUPEIDA. 
a. Body feebly compressed, belly rounded, ventral 
scutes weak, vertebree 50 to 56 a .. Clupea, 
aa. Body strongly compressed, belly acute, ventral 
scutes strong, vertebre 40 to 44 .. Harengula. 
CLUPEA Linneus, 1758. 
CLUPEA NEOPILCHARDUS Steindachner. 
PILCHARD. 
Clupea neopilchardus Steindachner, Denk. K. Akad. Wiss. Male, 
1879 40.12: 
Clupea sagax Arthur, T.N.Z.I. xv., 1883, p. 208, pl. xxxiv. 
Stations 78, 81 (167). 
B. vii.; D. 20; A. 19; P. 16; V. 8; C. 12 + 20; Se. 52; 
Se. tr. 11; Vert. 19 + 31 = 50. 
Leneth of head 3.6, height of body 4.9, length of caudal 8.9 in 
the length; diameter of eye 4.4, interorbital space 6.2, and length 
of snout 3.1 in the length of the head. 
Head compressed, flat above; adipose eyelid well developed, 
both before and behind; nostril on each side, single, placed a 
