ON THE ETHNOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 501 



teap-uH,-tle's-tnm, he loves j'ou. tcap-tle-rf«, you love me 



(nE-)e'iiq-tles, he loves them all. tcap-tle-siunnitl, you love us, 



(nE-)tle'sf« (tai), he loves him. t\e-sts-as-e'tsi-wet, they love me. 



tcuq-tle'-«t'!, thou lovest me. tea' j}-n5.-t\e' slum., they love you. 

 tciiq-tle-stu'Tmitl, thou lovest us. 



The Sk-q6mic, in common -with most of our native tongues, is rich in synonyms 

 and synonymous expressions. Nearly every one of the above pronominal expressions 

 can be otherwi.-e rendered. I append a few of these :- - 



'n-tles-tcap, I love you ; or, again, tcin-tletcap, I love you ; 

 wut-tlesas, he loves me ; tcuq-uii-tle stum tE etsi-wet, they love thee 

 tle-sto'mi-tcan-wit, I love you ; tles-tcan-wet, I love thee. 

 tum-tle-etsi-tlE-nemutl, they love us. 



It will be observed that when the object is in the third person no incorporation 

 takes place. This is the same as in the N'tlaka'pamuQ and other dialects. This is 

 due to the fact that the personal pronouns for this person are yet scarcely differen- 

 tiated from the demonstratives from which they are derived. This is plainly seen 

 in the absence of a distinct and independent subject pronoun lor the third person in 

 the pronominal inflections of the verbs. The Salish dialects are just at that stage 

 of development when the formation of distinct pronominal forms for the third person 

 takes place. The N'tlaka'pamuQ has a partially developed subject-pronoun for its 

 transitive verbs, and is thus a stage in advance of the Sk qo'mic, but neither has 

 distinct forms for the third person for theverbumsubstantiviim or for intransitive verbs. 



It will be seen in the above incorporative nouns that the .synthetic forms differ 

 less from the independent forms in the Sk-qo'mic than in N'tlaka'pamuQ, and this 

 holds good of all the nouns. A few are derived from different roots, which it is 

 interesting to note are often those which belong to independent forms in others of 

 the Salish dialects. The Sk'qo'mic incorporative noun is generally an attenuated 

 form of the independent noun. It is interesting to note that in the ' face' synthesis 

 we have the root as it appears in the N'tlaka'pamuQ compound. It is only in com- 

 pounds that this radical appears in Sk-qo'uiic, and the same may be said of many 

 others. As I observed in my remarks on N'tlaka'pamuQ, this preference for one 

 synonymous form over another in the various divisions is one of the chief causes of 

 the lexicographical dissimilarity in the Salish dialects. If we compare, for example, 

 the words for ' house ' in Sk'qo'mic and N'tlaka'pamuQ, we find the vocabulary form 

 in the former is Idm, and in the latter icl'tvQ, of which the essential root is tuQ. I 

 cannot say if lam, appears in any form in N'tlaka'pamuQ, but tuQ certainly does in 

 various compounds in Skqo'mic, thus making it perfectly clear that this is one of 

 the primitive Salish roots expressive of ' house.' Thus, we have it as the sufBx in 

 the class numerals when counting houses: samjj-tuQ, 'two houses'; tcanau-tnQ, 

 ' three houses,' &;c. ; also in the compound signifying ' potlatch-house,' tla'anukauiw'g. 

 Again, a house with carving in or upon it is called stcu'two. It is seen also in the 

 compound for window and other words. I have dwelt upon this point rather because 

 it confirms my contention that the onl}' way to institute comparisons in American 

 tongues is by the resolution of compound terms into their constituent primitive 

 radicals. Till this is done we can never know what tongues are really related and 

 what are not, 



PRONOUNS. 

 The independent personal pronouns are : 



uns, I ; ne'mutl, we. 



tE no, thou. nu'yap, you. 



tai, he. tsi or e'-tsi, they, 

 a'tli, she. 



All of these may be used objectively as well as subjectively. There is another 

 form for the third persons. I have found it only as an objective, thus : — 



Te meni'tl, he; a'tli mEni'tl, she ; etsi mEnEni'tl, them. Besides these there is 

 an ' absent ' form, thus : — 



Ku^, he ; Q'tla, she. These latter forms appear in such sentences as the follow- 

 ing ; Q'tla nod Bsk-o'i iia, ts qoait'tm, ' She is iU at the hospital, or sick-house.' This 



