TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION E. 811 



relating to the surface which are modified in their distribution by the action of 

 fixed forms and particular rock- formations. They include clmiate, the character 

 of which depends greatly on altitude and on the direction of heights and valleys with 

 regard to the prevailing winds ; water supply, including rainfall, as modified by the 

 altitude and exposure of slopes, percolation and the return of water to the surface 

 as springs (dependent on the geological nature of the ground), and the volume 

 and frequency of rivers, vcf/etation, animal life, population in all the distributional 

 details of birth- and death-rates, disease, migration, towns, villages, and connecting 

 roads and railways, agriculture, industries, and trade. 



The particular case selected was a fairly representative one, and brought out 

 very clearly how all the conditions of human settlement and migration depended 

 ultimately in a more or less marked degree on the forms of the land. It became 

 very clear from such a study that geography rightly conceived was the science 

 which unified and made available for practical application the immense mass of 

 distributional statistics of all kinds which are brought together at great expense 

 by Government, but never coordinated or made available. 



2. Foreign and Colonial Surveys. By E. G. RavensteiN. 



3. Military Majis. By B. V. Darbishire, M.A. 



Our Ordnance map is primarily a military map, made by soldiers for the use 

 of soldiers. 



A practical question : — 



"What is the best form of map for the use of troops in standing camps in this 

 country, or for volunteers encamped for their annual training ? 



Arising out of this, another question : — 



How far do the maps supplied by the Ordnance Survey answer the above 

 purpose ? 



1. On what points can maps give us information which is useful, and even 

 necessary, for carrying on military operations ? 



(«) Rivers, streams : Width, nature of banks ; fords, bridges, ferries, locks. 

 (6) Roads : Width, surface ; whether enclosed or not ; whether ditches 



alongside, 

 (e) Railways : Double or single track ; embankment or cutting ; tunnels. 

 {d) Woods, copses, heather, gorse. 

 {e) Villages : Size, shape ; houses, how placed to roads, so as to favour 



attack or defence. 

 {f) Hedges and ditches. 

 (.(/) Footpaths. 

 (Ji) Detached houses. 

 {i) Physical features (' Terrain '). 



2. Specimens of British Manoeuvre maps. 



3. The British Ordnance map as a Manoeuvre map. 

 Completely satisfactory except as regards (i.) (Terrain) and scale. 



4. Representation of relief, various methods used for Ordnance maps. 

 («) Contours alone. Great Britain, Italy, United States, Switzerland. 



(b) Shading alone. Germany. 



(c) Contours with shading. Switzerland, Norway, Austria-Hungary, Great 

 Britain. 



5. The Ideal Manoeuvre map. Scale ; topogi-aphical details ; Terrain, 



