ON NATURAL HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY OF MALAY PENINSULA. 423 



Miscellaneous Industries. 



Other interesting industrial specimens which were obtained were (1) 

 the grooved hard-wood block on which waxed cloths are polished by means 

 of a cowry shell, the pressure being applied by a springy rod, the upper 

 end of which is made fast to one of the I'oof timbers (cowry shell, rod, and 

 cloth also purchased, and photograph taken of operator), to which may be 

 added (2) an oil-pi-ess for manufacture of cocoanut oil. (3) Model of a 

 sugar-cane press, worked on an ingenious elaboration of the cog- 

 principle. (4) A tobacco-cutting machine. The tobacco leaf is pushed 

 along a species of shallow trough till it reaches a hole (at the end of the 

 trough), and is then sliced off with a sharp knife as it is pushed through 

 the hole. 



Of non-industrial specimens I may specially mention the sets of Malay 

 fighting-cock spurs and the series of Malay instruments of music, 

 including Malay fiddles, flutes, and the primitive instruments made of 

 bamboo which are found everywhere among Jungle Malays. I may here, 

 too, mention tlie phonographic records (so kindly undertaken by Dr. Lloyd), 

 most of which were I'ecords of the songs of the aborigines, though a few 

 were those of Jungle Malays. 



Prisons and Instruments of Torture, 



The system of confining prisoners in small cages or kennels about 

 6 feet by 2 feet by 6 feet is rapidly becoming obsolete, but still lingers 

 on in a few localities. We brought away with us most of the typical 

 furniture of a Malay lock-up, including the huge bamboo yoke, or ' cangue,' 

 which the prisoner wears round his neck on his way to jail, and which 

 consists of a couple of big bamboos about 10 feet in length fastened 

 together with pins. In addition to the cangue were obtained (1) a small 

 beam which served as the local ' stocks ' ; (2) apparatus for compressing 

 (crushing) the thumb or great toe ; (3) apparatus for compressing 

 (crushing) the temples, a species of big nutcrackers the application of 

 which to the victim's skull is said to have been frequently fatal ; (4) 

 apparatus for strangling condemned criminals. (5) Photographs were 

 also taken of two men who had their hands and feet lopped off for theft, 

 as well as of a number of prisoners who were confined in the kennels above 

 referred to. 



Ceremonial Rites and Games. 



A number of objects obtained by the expedition were connected with 

 ceremonial rites, especially marriage and circumcision, about both of 

 which ceremonies a large body of information was obtained. 



Games were also carefully studied, full descriptions of many of them 

 being taken do\yn as they wei'e performed. 



Popular Relif/ion and Folklore. 



A large number of the specimens and notes collected fall under this 

 heading, and these it is my intention to compare with the contents of my 

 book on Malay magic as soon as the opportunity offers. The notes taken 

 may be classified as follows : — 



(1) Folk-tales and fables. 



(2) Specimens and notes relating to popular religion and magic. 



(3) General mythology and superstitions. 



