PN THE AGE OF STONE CIRCLES. 439 



part of the braiu-case, or calvaria, and part of the face, though much 

 broken and very imperfect, especially the latter, have been pieced together 

 by Mr. Gray in a most creditable manner, so that it is possible to ascertain 

 and determine the most important points in the morphology of the former 

 fairly well. The muscular ridges are well developed, the glabella and 

 brow ridges are well marked and continuous with each other, the most 

 prominent part of the latter being over the inner third of each orbit. The 

 tubera of the parietal bones are prominent, the curved lines on the 

 occipital bone and the surface between them for the insertion of the 

 muscles of the head and neck are well marked ; but the mastoid pro- 

 cesses of the temporal bones are of very moderate size, or may even be 

 regarded as small. As viewed from the front, the malar bone, which is re- 

 tained on the left side, shows that the axis of the orbit slants markedly 

 downwards as well as outwards ; the orbital processes are of moderate size, 

 and the interorbital width appears to have been of medium size. As viewed 

 from behind, the lateral walls are seen to be nearly vertical but slightly 

 converging, as they rise upwards, and finally curve over to form the 

 vault with a flat or low arch. When viewed from above the outline of 

 the calvaria is unsymmetrical in the occipital and posterior parietal 

 regions, and converges slightly from the tubera of the parietals towards 

 the orbital processes of the frontal with straight sides. On viewing the 

 cranium laterally the profile outline of the mid-parietal region is elevated 

 and bulged upwards : this fulness extends from one tuber to the other, 

 while the frontal region above the glabella follows a graceful curve back- 

 wards and upwards to the bregma, and the occipital region is slightly 

 bulged backwards and rounded. 



To reduce these general characters to actual figures as far as possible 

 the following are the chief dimensions which the state of the cranium 

 permitted me to determine : — Maximum length, 189 mm. ; maximum 

 breadth, 148 mm. These figures give a cephalic index of 78"2, which 

 places it, as regards general form, above the middle of the mesaticephalic 

 group (75-79 '9) and shows that the individual when alive had a head 

 slightly rounder than that of the average male of the present population 

 of Great Britain, more brachycephalic than in some parts of the country, 

 but more dolichocephalic than in others. The ophryo-occipital length is 

 18.5 mm., the point of greatest length on the occiput being the same as for 

 the maximum length ; the projection of the glabella is, therefore, 4 mm. 

 The minimum frontal breadth is 106 mm., and the maximum frontal 

 breadth is 125 mm. ; the relative properties of these two measurements to 

 the maximum breadth (the latter being taken as 100) is 71'6 and 84-5 

 respectively. The biauricular diameter is 130 mm., while the auriculo- 

 bregmatic arc is 316 mm. The horizontal circumference is 530 mm. ; the 

 longitudinal arc, from the nasion, over the bregma, lambda, and the 

 occiput to the opisthion, is 377 mm. ; the base of the cranium being 

 absent it is impossible to obtain the length of the foramen magnum and 

 basio-nasial length to complete the longitudmal circumference. The 

 length of the frontal portion of this longitudinal arc is 130 mm., that of 

 the parietal 130 mm., and of the occipital 117 mm. ; while the chords of 

 these arcs are : frontal, 113 mm. ; parietal, 117 mm. ; occipital, 97 mm. 

 The relation which the arc bears to the chord may be expressed as an 

 index to indicate the curve of the bone ; the chord being taken as 100, 

 the frontal index is IIS'O, the parietal index 11 1-1, and the occipital 

 index 120"6. These indices show that while the curvature of the frontal 



