TKANSACTIONS OF SECTION D, G95 



purely motor appendage was probably a simple styliform structure resembling tln' 

 balancing- organ of the Uroclclo or tlio limb of Lepidosiren, and from this sti/lo- 

 ptevi/yium bad been derived along two divergent lines of evolution — the ari'lii- 

 pterygium and ichthyopterygium on the one hand and the cheiropterygium on tlio 

 other. 



Finally the author remarked that this hypothesis had the advanta"-e of 

 explaining just as well as did the Gegenbaur hypothesis the traces of backward 

 migration of the limbs ; and in regard to the only serious objection to the view — • 

 the absence of a cartilaginous skeleton in external gills — he pointed out that this 

 objection, already weakened by the presence of a cartilaginous axis in the barbels 

 of Xenopus had now been minimised by the description by Budgett of a rod of 

 cartilage projecting into the base of the external gill in the young Polypterus. 



5. The Story of Malaria. By Konald Ross, F.R.C.S., F.E.S. 



Interesting nature of the story. Incorrect versions propagated. 



Endemic nature and paludal connection of malarial disease give rise to the 

 hypothesis of a telluric miasm. Absence of any scientific proof. Negative ex- 

 periments of Oalandruccio and others. 



The first fact — discovery of the malarial pigment, called melanin, by Frerichs, 

 Virchow, and Meckel in 1849-51. 



Invention of the Bacillus malarice by Crudeli, Marchiafava, and other Ilomau 

 writers. Circumstantial details. The whole thing a fabrication. 



The second fact — recognition of the melanin-bearing parasite by Ijaveran 

 1880. He describes all forms of the parasite. Predatory Italian efforts. 



The researches of Laveran and Golgi concerning the life-history of the 

 parasites within the body. Similar parasites found in birds by Danilewsky. 

 Certain forms of the parasites, now known as gametocytes, cannot' be explained. 

 Erroneous degeneration theory of Grassi and Bignami. 



Efforts to find the parasite free in nature. Grassi discovers it in a fresh-water 

 amoeba — another fabrication. The mosquito hypothesis of King, Laveran, Koch, 

 Manson, Bignami, and others. All foi-med independently, and are partly rio-ht 

 and partly wrong. 



I .show that the so-called flagella emanating from the gametocytes are livino- 

 bodies. Sacharoff proves them to contain clu'oraatin. MacCallum demonstrates 

 their true nature. 



My attempts to cultivate the parasites of mosquitoes, 1895-97. Failure witt. 

 'grey 'and 'brindled' mosquitoes (Cule.v). Final discovery of the 'pigmented 

 cells ' in ' dappled-winged ' mosquitoes (Anop/ieles) in 1897 practically soh es the 

 problem. 



AVhole life-history of the parasites in mosquitoes determined by my experi- 

 ments on the development of the parasites of birds in Cule.r faticjanii in 1898. 

 In association with Annett and Austen I find the similar development of the 

 human parasites in dappled-winged mosquitoes in Sierra Leone, and study the 

 habits of these insects, 1899. 



Koch confirms MacOallum's observations, studies the early history of the 

 zygotes, confirms my vvork (1898), and finds the frequency of infection in native 

 children (1899). Similar studies of Daniels. Great value of their labours. 

 Excellent researches of Christophers, Stephens, Nuttall, Ziemann, Van der Scheer 

 RUge, Fernside, and many others. Crucial experiment of Manson in 1900. 



After the publication of my work of 1898 Bignami, Bastianelli, and Grassi 

 detect the genus of my ' dappled-winged ' mosquitoes from my description, and 

 find, in similar insects in Italy, the development of the parasites described by me. 

 They pretend that their efforts were original. They add no new facts of funda- 

 mental importance. Unreliable and predatory nature of their work, especially of 

 that of B. Grassi. Letters from Charles, Laveran, and Koch. 



Excellent histories of Mannaberg, Thayer, and Nuttall. 



z z 2 



