TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION E. 721 



South, wliere to-day we meet tbeir descendants ; and amongst them we note an 

 extraordinary variety of types observed in no other country in the world. Man 

 lived in caves with extinct mammals as man lived in European caves of the 

 Pleistocene period, and other people migrated from the northern extremity of the 

 American continent. We find Polynesian anthropological elements mixed with 

 the Patagonian, Polynesian culture among Calchaqui and old Peruvian culture. 

 Advancing in time, we find a complicated civilisation which it is impossible to 

 ally with any known type, yet presenting an astonishing similarity in some 

 respects with that of people who lived in the same latitude in the northern hemi- 

 sphere and in lands of similar physical conditions. There is a remarkable analogy 

 between the petrographs extending from Arizona to Patagonia, on both sides 

 of the Andes, and between their industrial arts and myths. In intermediate 

 countries there are identical analogies with races of the South and of the East. 

 In Bolivia the ruins of Tiahuanaco and other similar ruins have no antecedents ; 

 the people to which they are referred, the one that used the macrocephalic defoi^ 

 mation, has its representatives from Vancouver to Patagonia ; in the old Peruvian 

 pottery the human types are not all those of the natives of to-day, but those of 

 Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, and Chile ; in this pottery Mexican types appear 

 represented as prisoners; several small artistic terra-cottas, so common in the old 

 Mexican towns, have been discovered in the pampas of Buenos Aires ; whUe other 

 Mexican objects are the same as some of Calchaqui. Calchaqui remains extended 

 from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from Patagonia to Peru an inter- Andean 

 ti-ade has existed in remote epochs showing the enterprise of the peoples which 

 maintained such relations across so great a barrier. "When we remember all these 

 facts, we cannot but believe that man in South America has had a very long 

 existence, and that intercontinental, and even interoceanic, communications have 

 been maintained from the prehistoric times until the day when the Spanish 

 conquistadors continued the work of the wild tribes in destroying the older 

 civilisation. 



But who are the Onas, the Tehuelches, the Gennakens, the Araucanians, the 

 Misiones, and Chaco tribes, the Calchaquis ? It is impossible to answer these 

 questions at present. The importance of these investigations has been indicated in 

 the hope that it may conduce to the solution of these problems, but the author 

 thinks that we are already in presence of the elements which formed the old and 

 lost civilisation, the ruins of which are spread over the whole continent of South 

 America. The anthropologist treating of North America only, and ignoring what 

 can be seen in South America, supposes that the latter continent was peopled by 

 the races of the former, and that the ancestors of the Pueblos were also the 

 founders of the old civilisations of Peru and Bolivia ; but probably the South 

 American origins are the older, and there is ample evidence in support of this 

 contention. Palteontology has demonstrated that the Pampean mammals migrated 

 from the South to Mexico and the United States, and it is not impossible that 

 men may have taken the northward route. It is true that the Mastodon is both 

 a European and North American mammal, but it is not to be forgotten that its 

 remains are also abundant in South America, in beds of the same age as, or older 

 than, those of North America and Europe. 



5. Some Explorations of Andean Lakes. jBy Hesketh Prichard. 



Itinerary of expedition — The Pampas — Difficulties of transport — Arrival at 

 Colohuapi — The Tehuelche Indians — Their appearance and method of life — Lago 

 Buenos Aires — Santa Cruz — Following Darwin's route — Arrival at Lago Argen- 

 tino — First down-stream navigation of the Rio Leona — Exploration of Lago 

 Argentino — The Forests — Discovery of a new lake — Homeward. 



6i i¥. Elisee Meclus' Map on Natural Curvature. By M. Reclus*Guyon 



