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Vou. 2] Ritter—Introduction. 1X 
ered in connection with a marine undertaking like the present, is 
the specific things that must be done, and the means for doing 
them. Oceanography is in position to hand over to the marine 
biologist, ready prepared, a large amount of the information he 
must have; and, likewise, physics and chemistry have important 
resources that can be drawn upon. But these general sources in 
nowise obviate the necessity for constant and searching studies 
on the sea water in connection with such a survey as that contem- 
plated. Conditions of the water as to temperature, and currents; 
mineral, gaseous, and albuminoid content, ete., must be known at 
the particular time and place to which the biological studies per- 
tain, and no general knowledge of this character can suffice. 
Physies, chemistry, and hydrography must, therefore, be integral 
parts of such a survey. 
6.—Instrumentalities for Prosecuting such a Survey. 
It is obvious that no small outlay of money would be essen- 
tial for even a good beginning; and that considerable progress in 
it could be made only with large expenditures for both equipment 
and operation. The ideal laboratory building would not be large, 
but would be constructed with great care. Aquaria would con- 
stitute an important element in the plant for the work on shore. 
From $50,000 to $75,000 should build and equip an ample labora- 
tory and aquaria. 
Equipment for the work at sea would demand the greater 
portion of the capital. For the deep-water work a ship of the 
class of the U. S. Fisheries steamer Albatross would be essential. 
For less depths, say 1,000 fathoms and under, a much smaller 
vessel would be as efficient or even more so, since it can be han- 
dled so much more quickly. As noted above, our area is extremely 
favorable for this purpose. <A vessel that could be built and 
made ready for sea (without scientific apparatus) for $10,000 
or $12,000 would be ample. 
Operating expenses would be considerable; and this leads me 
to speak of the factor most important, but least tried, for the 
successful carrying out of such an idea. 
