1921] Kofoid-Swezy: Councilmania laflmri 183 



bud £ind nine nuclei, some of them in the premitotic phase, are fre- 

 quently seen. This condition suggests the occurrence at times of a 

 fourth division resulting ultimately in sixteen cystic nuclei whose 

 escape into the bud proceeds during mitosis, which is not synchronous 

 in all of the eight nuclei. One cyst without a bud but having eleven 

 nuclei has been found (pi. 20, fig. 16). In the course of our exami- 

 nation of preparations we have found cysts with buds and seven, six, 

 four, three, two, and one nucleus respectively within the cyst. Con- 

 tinued search may be expected to reveal those with a bud and five 

 nuclei. 



The escape of the amoebulae from the cysts within the bowel is 

 indicated by the fact that budding cysts occur in fresh, formed stools, 

 and in liquid stools after a saline or other purge. "We find no evidence 

 that the process of budding arises or continues long in cold stools which 

 have been kept under observation for three weeks after deposition. 



Bud formation is a normal process in Councilmania. It appears 

 in fresh warm stools, both with and without antecedent purge, and in 

 patients not under drug medication. The protoplasmic ridge is not a 

 fold of the cyst wall, but rather a protoplasmic structure. It appears 

 in cysts in untreated smears as well as in stained slides. It can not 

 be induced by sudden or by slow heat, by cooling, or by the action of 

 reagents iised in the preparation of slides. It is not due to trauma 

 and can not be produced by pressure. The cysts in which it appears 

 show no indications in nuclei or cytoplasm of abnormality. 



OCCURRENCE 



Councilmania lafleuri evidently has a cosmopolitan distribution 

 similar to that of the other human intestinal protozoa. The eleven 

 cases which we have observed in Berkeley afford no clue to the precise 

 source of their infections. They were not contacts, and therefore pre- 

 sumably acquired their infections independently of one another. All 

 but one, himself a physician, were patients under physician 's care for 

 intestinal trouble or subnormal physical conditions. Five were uni- 

 versity students, two were from the Health Center Clinic. Six were 

 males, one a boy, and five were females. Ten were whites and one a 

 negress. Three were natives of California and eight were born else- 

 where, of whom four had come recently to the state. One patient spent 

 seven years in Sicily, one had lived six years in Persia, and two had 



