298 Yorkshire Naturalists at Crosshills. 



common tree, but bearing little fruit ; seedlings of Beech' and Mountain 

 Elm were gathered. The old fish pond near to Carr Head Hall was 

 tenanted by Nasturtium officinale, Epilobium palustre, Scrophularia 

 aquatica, Alopecurus geniculatus and Glyceria fluitans. The arboreal 

 features of the grounds at Carr Head are very fine, especially conspicuous 

 being magnificent examples of Beech and Mountain Elm. Close to the 

 Hall are examples of uncommon trees, chief of which are the Redwood, 

 Cedar of Lebanon, Fern-leaved Beech, Magnolia, Tilia platyphyllus var. 

 asplenifolia, variegated Oak and Sycamore. Particularly noticeable was 

 a young branch on the bole of a Mountain Elm, the leafage of such branch 

 being of a uniform cream tint. The gardener (Mr. Fisher) stated that 

 this particular branch had borne this phase of foliage for many years, 

 but the branch itself did not seem to increase in size. On the route taken 

 by the geologists the vegetation was entirely that of silicious soil. The 

 limestones were so extensively covered by boulder clay that the calcareous 

 beds had no perceptible influence on the vegetation. Mr. J. Bradley 

 showed specimens of Miniulns litteus found on this route. 



Bryology. — iSIr. C. A. Cheetham writes : — Along the stream side in 

 the Malsis grounds the mosses were not the type expected, large masses 

 of Hypyium conimittatnm and Weisia verticillata, both tufa-loving species, 

 showed that a considerable amount of lime was present in the sandstone, 

 and with them was well-grown Dichodontiiim pelliicidum, etc. On boulders 

 in the stream there was a delicate form of Eiirhynchiuni nisei forme. The 

 mosses of the stream sides and rocks were very different from those of a 

 rough gritstone .stream such as at Sawley or the Upper Washburn where 

 .Hepatics are the prevailing type of plant. Here the Hepatics were few, 

 or missing, and such plants as Cafhaririea cvispa, which delight in the coarse 

 sand debris, were absent. 



On the walls Dicranoweisia cirrhata was plentiful, with Webera nutans, 

 the latter producing the attenuated growths which so easily break off and 

 reproduce the plant vegetatively, and in the fields under trees, a nice growth 

 of Dicranum Bonjeani was noted. 



The somewhat uncommon Dicranella cerviculata grew on the shale when 

 exposed on the stream sides. After crossing over the hill and coming to 

 the limestone quarries the change was striking. Gririniiia apocarpa, with 

 a little Encalypta streptocarpa, Br yum cappillare and Bafbula rubella 

 being the mosses on the rocks, with Hypnum molluscum, H . stellare and 

 H. cnspidatum on the slopes and floor, giving an interesting study in 

 ecology on a small scale. 



Geology. — Mr. John Holmes writes ; — The party for the geological 

 excursion to Raygill Avalked up the banks of the stream for about four 

 miles, crossed the ridge to Raygill, and returned down the Lothersdale 

 valley. From its source, just over the county boundary, to its confluence 

 with the .\ire, the Glusburn Beck'follows the strike of the Sabden Shales. 

 The Kinderscout Grit occupies the slopes of Glusburn Moor and Cowling 

 Hill, while the Middle Grits form the bold escarpment of Earl Crag. 

 Between Glusburn and Cowling, thick deposits of glacial drift occupy the 

 middle of the valley, and the vmderlying rocks are not seen between 

 Malsis and Gill Bottom. The six-inch map, surveyed in 1848, shows 

 eighteen limekilns on the banks of the streams above Glusburn. All 

 these kilns must have burnt boulders from the drift, as no outcrop of 

 limestone occurs in this valley. 



At Glusburn Bridge, a bed of gravel in the middle of the stream was 

 examined and the large proportion of limestone boulders noted. A 

 piece of conglomerate from the basement bed of the Carboniferous Lime- 

 stone, has recently been found here. Near Malsis, a mass of tufa on the 

 side of the stream was pointed out. These deposits occur in several places, 

 usually in close proximity to boulder clay. Below the junction of Ickorn- 

 shaw and Gill Becks, a fine series of terraces in the drift indicates the 

 greater power of the former stream. An unusual feature was noticed in 



Naturalist,. 



