WELLS ON DELTAS. 549 



on the banks of the river which has cut tlu'ough it, this water issues iu large 

 springs. 



The deepest well of this class noted was on the Pembina delta, close 

 north of the river, iu the northeast quarter of section 36, township 163, 

 range 67, where T. R. McLaughlin had dug 145 feet and bored 30 feet 

 farther, in all 175 feet, not yet obtaining any water. The material of the 

 section was all water-deposited sand and gravel, some layers having pebbles 

 as large as 3 or 4 inches in diameter, but mostly sand. A well only a half 

 mile to the north, on the same delta, has a good supply of water at the 

 depth of 30 feet, and in some places springs issue only halfway down 

 the bluffs inclosing the Pembina River, which flows some 225 feet below the 

 delta plateau upon which these wells are situated. Here and there some- 

 what clayey layers in the delta, or otherwise comparatively impervious 

 beds, cause water to be found by wells before reaching the bottom of the 

 sand or the general plane of its satui-ation. More freqtiently wells must 

 go to that plane, lying iu the Pembina delta mostly at a great depth, as 

 exemplified also by the wells mentioned on page 359. 



The arrangement of these notes is in three divisions, under the States 

 of Minnesota and North Dakota and the Province of Manitoba. In each of 

 the two States the counties are taken separately, in their order from south 

 to north. In each county the geographic order of the townships whose 

 wells are described is from south to north, and secondarily from east to west; 

 and in any township where several wells are noted they are given in the 

 numerical order of the sections (as shown on page 11). 



It has been found most convenient to note in the same list both the 

 artesian and the common wells. The artesian water often flows only to 

 the surface or a few feet above it; and many other wells obtain water 

 which rises from a deep source to within a few feet below the surface, 

 coming evidently from the same beds that elsewhere supply the flowing 

 wells. Among the common wells of less depth and not so nearly related 

 with the artesian, the water often, and, indeed, usually, rises several feet 

 above the porous bed or vein in which it is fotmd. The shallow wells, 

 however, of which there are many only 10 to 15 or 20 feet deep, generally 

 are supplied by the seepage of surface water. 



