FLUCTUATIONS OF DEVILS AND STUMP LAKES. 597 



Notes of leveling in the vicinity of Devils and Stump lakes. 



Feet above 

 the sea. 

 Railway at passeuger station, city of Devils Lake 1, 464 



Railway at passenger station, Miunewaukan 1, 461 



Devils Lake, surface of water August 8, 1887 1, 431. 6 



Devils Lake in 1889 1^ 430 



Devils Lake, highest and lowest stages during the years 1880 to 1880. . 1, 434-1, 430 



Stump Lake, surface of water August 12, 1887 1^ 417 



Former shorelines of Devils Lake at Minnewaukan and the city of Devils 



Lake 1, 451, 1. 440, 1, 439 



Former shore-lines at Jerusalem on Lanioreaux Bay 1, 454, 1, 446, 1, 439 



Former shore-lines of Stump Lake 1, 455, 1, 443, 1, 433, 1, 426 



Bottom of channel of outflow from Stump Lake to the Sheyenne River 1, 454. 6 



The elevations of the former shores of Stump Lake were determined 

 by levehng- on the nortliern sh")pe of a promontory of till, which was an 

 island at the time of the higher shore-lines, rising to 1,458 feet, in the 

 east part of section 21, township 151, range 61. Postglacial deposition of 

 alluvium, lirouglit from slight ravines gullied by rains on the adjoining 

 morainic hills, may have raised the bed of the channel of overflow 1 to 3 

 feet, or possibly more. The outflowing river, like the River Warren, was 

 evidently shallow during the greater part of each year, corresponding to 

 the general level of Devils and Stump lakes, then confluent ; and while the 

 glacial melting was most rapid during the sununer months, this somewhat 

 extensive body of water and its outlet were probably raised no more than 

 a few feet above their minimum winter stage. 



Besides the formerly higher stages of these and other neighboring 

 lakes, it is also known that they have stood continually lower than now, at 

 least by several feet, during a long period, sufficient for the growth of large 

 forests on the shores of Stump Lake, and of the North and South Wash- 

 ington lakes and Lake (Joe, in township 149, range 63; for this is proved 

 by sul)merged logs and stumps, the latter standing rooted in the soil where 

 they grew. Manj' of these logs and stumps have been liauled out of the 

 southeastern bay of Stump Lake by the neighboring farmers for use as 

 fuel. This prolonged epoch of comparative desiccation may have coincided 

 with the yet more arid conditions in the Great Basin, which, as shown by 



