BUILDING STONE, LIME, AND BRICKS. 627 



occur iu the g-lacial drift throu-^liout all the prairie district of Lake Agassiz 

 and the adjoining- country, having been originally derived from these rock 

 formations and distributed by the currents of the ice-sheet. But bowlders 

 are absent from the lacustrine and alluvial deposits along the Red River, 

 and from the Lake Agassiz deltas. 



Four brickyards in St. Boniface, on the east side of the Red River, 

 opposite to Winnipeg, produced in total in 1887 about 4,000,000 Ijricks. 

 This business began to be extensively developed there in 1880. The soil 

 is stripped off to a depth of 2 feet, beneath which the next 2 or 3 feet of 

 yellowish, horizontally laminated, somewhat sandy clay is used for brick- 

 making. It requires no further admixture of sand for tempering. The 

 bricks, which are cream-colored and very durable, are sold at $11 to S12 

 per thousand, loaded on the cars or delivered in the city of Winnipeg. 

 Another brickyard in St. James, close southwest of Winnipeg, makes about 

 1,500,000 bricks yearly. The light cream color of these bricks, hke those 

 of Milwaukee and of most brickyards in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and North 

 Dakota, is due, as shown by Professor Chamberlin, to the calcareous and 

 magnesian ingredients of these glacial clays, derived in part from magnesian 

 limestone formations, which iinite with the iron ingredient to form a light- 

 colored silicate, instead of the ferric oxide which in other regions destitute 

 of magnesian limestone gives to bricks their usual i-ed color. 



In the Red River Valley south of the international boundary the most 

 important localities of brickmaking are Moorhead, Grookston, and Grand 

 Forks; but bricks have been made in small amount at numerous other 

 places, as Breckenridge, St. Hilaire, and Warren, in Minnesota, and Grafton, 

 Cavalier, and Pembina, in North Dakota. 



A large business in brickmaking is done at Moorhead by Lamb Bros., 

 who began in 1874; Kruegel & Truitt, who began in 1878; and John 

 Eai-ly and John G. Bergquist, who began in 1881. Their product in 1887 

 was as follows: Lamb Bros., about 2,000,000; Kruegel & Truitt, also 

 about 2,000,000; Mr. Early, 700,000; and Mr. Bergquist 125,000. The 

 black soil is removed tti the depth of 1 foot or li feet; the next 1 to 2 feet 



