644 THE GLACIAL LAKE AGASSIZ. 



lu the vicinity of Devils Lake, Sweetwater Lake, aucl Stump Lake are many 

 mounds, mostly 3 to 6 feet high, very rarely rising to 10 feet, occurring singly, as on 

 the tops of the hills near Fort Totteu, and in groups of several, or sometimes forty or 

 more, as at the southeast eud of Devils Lake. Other lone mounds and series of mounds 

 are seen here and there along the bluff's of the Sheyeuue and James rivers. 



The largest mound known in Minnesota is 45 feet high, being the central one of a 

 grouj) of three (the two others only 8 or 10 feet high) on the south side of the Eainy 

 River, close east of the mouth of the Bowstring River (n- Big Fork. This mound, par- 

 tially excavated under the direction of Prol'. George Bryce, was found to contain 

 many skeletons, and also skulls without other parts of the skeleton, as if they had 

 been collected on a battlefield. There were also found very interesting stone and 

 copper implements, ornaments uuide from seashells and others of fresh-water shells, 

 broken pottery, and a complete pottery cup having a diameter of 3 inches. Professor 

 Bryce states that twenty-one mounds are discovered along the whole course of the 

 Rainy River, one (peculiar in containing a structure of charred logs some 10 feet 

 square and 6 to 8 feet high) being at the mouth of Rainy Lake and several at the Long 

 Sault. On the Red River, in Manitoba, he reports one mound as formerly existing at 

 Winnipeg, and several still to be seen near the rapids about 10 miles below that city, 

 (Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, Transaction 18, 1885.) 



On the Souris River and its tributaries, the North and South Antler creeks, Pro- 

 fessor Bryce surveyed twenty-oue mounds within an area of 1 miles square, ranging 

 from 4 to 7 feet in height. One of these mounds, containing a single skeleton, had 

 with it nearly all the types of stone implements, copper and seashell ornaments, and 

 pottery, which had been found in the large mound on the Rainy River, about 325 

 miles distant to the east, besides two pipes of red pipestone; but in each case no evi- 

 dence of any intercourse with Europeans was found. (Historical and Scientific Society 

 of Manitoba, Transaction 24, 1886.) 



During my survey of the shore-lines of Lake Agassiz in Manitoba and examina- 

 tion of the adjoining country on the southwest, I observed mounds in many localities, 

 of which the following are the most noteworthy : 



In the northwestern edge of the village of Arden the crest of the Campbell beach 

 bears a round mound 4 feet high and 75 feet in diameter, with an embankment 2 feet 

 high and 30 feet wide extending from it 50 feet northward. A mile south of Arden, 

 on this broad beach, a few rods east of its crest and about 1 foot lower, is an embank- 

 ment 20 to 25 feet wide, about 200 feet long from north to south, parallel with the beach 

 crest, and li to 2 feet high. Along its northern two-thirds this earthwork is straight, 

 but its southern third curves somewhat eastward and this end sinks gradually to the 

 general surface. 



The formerly fixmous Calf Mountain, which was visited by Palliser's expedition 

 and appeared prominent on most of the early maps of Manitoba, is an aboriginal mound. 



