CETACEA—LILLIE. 
- 
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EXTERNAL PARASITES. 
Barnacles.—All the specimens examined had barnacles growing upon them, and 
the mode of distribution of these parasites over the body of each whale was found 
to be remarkably constant. The ventral surface appeared to be the favourite place 
for barnacles, although a few were occasionally found on the dorsal surface of the 
head. The back was generally quite free from parasites. A thick patch of 
barnacles always occurred on the anterior, ventral surface of the throat, in the 
middle line, just behind the chin. A smaller patch was generally to be found in 
the region of the genitalia. Besides these areas, barnacles seemed to show a 
preference for projecting knobs; the bosses on the anterior margins of the pectoral 
fins were nearly always crowned with barnacles, also the extreme tips of the 
pectoral fins and tail-flukes; occasionally a barnacle was found surmounting one 
of the hair-tubercles on the snout. It was noticed that barnacles nearly always 
occupied pigmented areas of the whales’ skin; very few were found on a white 
surface. 
The extremely characteristic patch of barnacles behind the chin was always 
situated on an equally characteristic patch of grey or black skin, and the number 
of individuals constituting the patch varied with the size of this pigmented area.* 
(See Pls. I. and IL., figs. 2 and 7.) Only two species of barnacles were found on the 
Humpbacks: Coronula diadema and Conchoderma auritum. The former was always 
fastened directly to the skin of the whale, while Conchoderma only grew upon the 
shells of Coronula. As many as fourteen individuals of Conchoderina were found 
on one Coronula. Barnacle-scars were often to be seen on the skin of these whales. 
Each scar marked the spot from which a Coronula had been removed, either by 
the host rubbing itself against a rock, or by some predatory fish. These marks, 
formed by the base of the Coronula shell, were very easily distinguished from other 
scars, as they consisted of a sunken dome-shaped area, surrounded by a circular 
depression. The surface of the dome was impressed by some 18 small furrows, 
which radiated from a ring near its apex. (Text-fig. 4, C and D, b.) 
Whale-lice—-Every specimen was infested with Paracyamus boopis. These 
“lice” were found all over the body of each whale, sticking into the epidermis by 
their sickle-shaped claws. They were most plentiful among the barnacles and in 
the throat-grooves on the ventral surface, in which places the young “lice” 
appeared to seek shelter. 
Dr. Calman tells me that the Cyamids have no free-swimming stage, and there- 
fore they probably pass from whale to whale by actual contact, during copulation and 
lactation. When the young and adult “lice” were removed from a whale and put 
into a glass vessel containing sea-water, they sank to the bottom and caught hold of 
one another with their claws in their endeavours to get a foot-hold in a soft surface. 
* Shown in one of True’s plates, loc. cit., Pl. XXX VIII, Fig. 1. 
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