202 TJniversity of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 11 



The locomotion, mechanism of biting, sucking, and swallowing 

 in the blood-leech form the material for several short articles by 

 Carlet (1883). 



According to Whitman (1878), Grube (184-1), in his work 

 on the embrj'ology of Clepsine {Glossiphonia) , has discussed in 

 a very general way the breeding habits of one of the species of 

 this genus which carries its eggs in sacs under the bod.y. This 

 work has not been accessible, and mention only can be made of it. 



The chief worker of more recent date on leeches has been 

 Whitman. His interests were mainly morphological, and his 

 contributions in that particular are substantial indeed. Many 

 fragments of the natural history of various species of leeches 

 we owe to his keen observation and interesting description. In 

 one of the first of his papers on leeches (1878), which dealt with 

 the embrj'ology of Clepsine, he records some observations on the 

 breeding behavior of Clepsine marginata. Under Whitman's 

 supervision, lijima (1882) made the only substantial observations 

 which I have been able to find on the breeding behavior of a 

 Nephelid. lijima discovered what he misconstrued as abnormal 

 copulation, but which was later interpreted by Whitman as 

 fertilization by means of hypodermal impregnation accomplished 

 through spermatophore attachment. 



In his monograph on the leeches of Japan (1886) Whitman 

 records some very interesting observations on the behavior of 

 the land leech under varying internal and external conditions, 

 and it is rather remarkable that these seem to have escaped the 

 attention of the workers on annelid behavior. A later contri- 

 bution (1891) enters rather fully into the breeding behavior of 

 leeches in general, but particularly in relation to Clepsine plana. 

 In connection with this, he includes a rather full discussion of 

 the literature bearing on this type of reactions. With the excep- 

 tion of one paper by Von Uexkiill (1905), the most extensive 

 single contribution to leech behavior is Whitman's lecture on 

 Animal Behavior (1898), in which he considers rather fully the 

 sensitivity and deceptive quiet reactions of Clepsine. Certain 

 of his facts and conclusions related to this work are quoted in 

 connection with the special topic to which they apply. 



