ABNORMAL FLOWERING OF HEPETICA II 
Fig. 15. Surface view of lower epidermis containing stomata. 
Fig. 16. Longitudinal section of mature stem taken late in season 
when growth in thickness had ceased and all of the tissues were in perma- 
nent condition. (a) epidermis, (b) cortex, (c) schlerenchyma, (d) pith, 
(e) xylem, (f) phyloem. 
Fig. 17. Cross section of the same. (a) epidermis, (b) cortex, (c) 
schlerenchyma, (d) pith, (e) xylem, (f) phloem. 
Fig. 18. Longitudianl section of mature rhizome. (a) epidermis, 
(b) cortex, (c) cell containing raphides, (d and e) sheaths of elongated cortical! 
cells, (f and g) xylem, (h) phloem. ‘The bundle is amphivaial, and a 
duct is shown at the extreme right. 
Fig. 19. Cross section through the mature rhizome. (a) epidermis, 
(b) cortex, (c) cell with raphides, (d) starch granules, (e) xylem, (f) phloem 
in an almost amphivasal bundle, (g) sheath of cortical cells, (h) a small 
typical collateral bundle. 
Fig. 20. Cross section in detail through a more typical amphivasal 
bundle from center of an old rhizome. (a and b) sheath layers, (c) xylem, 
(d) cells which will later from xylem, (e) cortex, (f) phloem. 
Fig. 21. Cross section of a small secondary root. (a) epelbema, (b) 
outer palisaded layer of periblem, (c) ordinary periblem cells, (d) endoder- 
mis, (e) pericycle, (f) phloem, (g) xylem. 
Fig. 22. Cross section of the wood bundle from the tip of a larger 
seconadry root on an older part of the plant. (a) periblem, (b) endodermis, 
(c) periclycle, (d) xylem, (e) phloem, (f) cells which form meta-xylem, 
(g) pith cells. 
The scale of magnification accompanies each figure. 
ABNORMAL FLOWERING OF HEPATICA. 
BY J. A. NIEUWLAND. 
The tendency to redundancy of sepals in Hepatica, our 
common liver-leaf, a plant that adds so much to the beauty of 
our early spring woods, was noticed several hundred years ago 
by Lobelius' or as he is also known de l’Obel. He even gave the 
double flowered plant the varietal name, customary in those 
days, calling it Hepatica trifolia polyanthos, or doubled flowered 
Hepatica trifolia. Parkinson? in 1629 also describes such plants 
under practically the same name. The Liverleaf itself was even 
earlier called Hepatica by Bock’ in Brunfels great work of botany, 
the first that included good natural lifelike illustrations of plants 
in the sixteenth century. 
Since in this plant it may be considered that the so-called 
““sepals’’ arise by the change of the stamens into these in doubling, 
