502 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST ‘i 
an abundance of seed result from the ordinary chasmogamous 
flowers, the few apetalous ones that appear later at the top of the 
shoot, ordinarily fall off without setting seed. The plant seems a 
notable case of contrast in this respect with the other true violets 
in having few or any fruitful clesitogamous flowers. 
The structure and appearance of these closed flowers of 
Cubelium are not unlike those of the stemmed members of Viola‘ 
(Lophion). Petals are completely absent or much reduced. Sepals 
are somewhat unequal, the inner overlapped ones slightly reduced 
in size. The two stamens are similar in shape to those of the closed 
flowers of Viola. The pistil has the characteristically recurved 
style with small open stigma into which from the clasping ovate 
anthers the pollen is in position to germinate directly. The pollen 
grains seem to be few and largely abortive. 
It would appear that Cubelium has not as yet reached the 
stage of violets or pansies in this character of apetalous flowers, 
but ir more or | ss transitional in this respect. The fewness and 
ordinary unproductiveness of the cleistogamous pollen grains and 
flowers indicate possible an early stage in acquisition of these 
generally recognized later developed structures. 
PROLIFERATION IN CALENDULA. 
BY J. A. NIEUWLAND. 
An interesting case of teratology was observed in a specimen 
of garden Marigold. (Calundula officinalis L.). In full bloom 
seven of the outer (ray) flowers by proliferation were grown out 
into separate smaller but well developed heads, their peduncles 
being over two and one-half inches long. Buds of other flowers _ 
of-the main head were still coming out when the specimen was 
collected in Cincinnati. 
All the seven heads were perfect in every way and about one 
inch in diameter with no further indication of proliferation. The ° 
plant had but one well developed head as yet, being gathered 
rather too early to show other monstrosities ff such were present. 
Pages 419-466, Vol. IV., published July 26, 1916. 
