122 Rankin : The Peat-Moors of Lonsdale. 



ground water, form by their growth some small quantity of peat, 

 though scarcely ever attaining any extent or depth. As a 

 matter of fact, the wet grassland associations accompanying 

 rivers, are but feebly developed in this district, and there are 

 lacking entirely the valley moors, which in this country, are 

 typically developed in the New Forest. 



Where the margins of the tarns are shallow and gently 

 shelving downwards, and especially about the inflow of streams, 

 the growth of marshes or swamps is often noteworthy. 

 Examples of such lake swamps, may be seen in the few tarns 

 about Silverdale and Kendal on the limestone (Haweswater 

 and Cunswick Tarn) and on the slate rocks about Kirkby 

 Lonsdale (Terrybank Tarn). Beyond the limits of the district 



Fig. 2. 

 Open-Water and Reed-belt associations of Lacustrine Swamp Moor. 



lake swamps are well developed about Malham Tarn in Airedale 

 and Newton Regny, near Penrith, in Edendale (Fig. 2). 



In such places may be seen various zones of vegetation ; 

 the societies of the open water, water lilies above and stone-wort 

 below, of the reed-belt, outermost of the reed-grass and bulrush, 

 innermost, at times, of Cladium, more generally of the greater 

 sedges, and behind on firmer soil, a richly floral association of 

 dicotyledons, backed in turn by a zone of luxuriant Molinia. 

 In addition to this zonation, narrow or broad according to 

 conditions, there is within each belt a more or less evident 

 layering of complementary associations.* 

 {To he continued). 



* T. W. Woodhead, ' Ecology of Woodland Plants in the neighbour- 

 hood of Hudderstield.' Journ. Linn. Socy.,Vol. XXXVII., p. 344, 1906. 



Naturalist, 



