330 Notes and Comments. 
of Worsaw, etc. Here are the typical C. knolls with numerous 
brachiopods, the gasteropods mentioned above, but few corals. 
Amplexus coralloides is, however, common, and Michelimia sp. 
OF N.E. LANCASHIRE. 
Above these are well-bedded crinoidal limestones, leading 
up to the probably C.-S. knolls of Salt Hill, Bellman Park, 
Worsaw, etc. These beds contain a rich brachiopod fauna, 
quite distinct, however, from that of Elbolton. Whilst Pyvo- 
ductus pustulosus, P. senireticularis, Spirifer striatus, etc., are 
quite common, one never finds P. striatus, P. martini and other 
D. forms so common in those eastern knolls. A fairly rich 
coral fauna has lately been discovered in these C.-S. or S. 
knolls ; it has not yet been worked out, however. There is 
probably an unconformity at this level, and then there succeeds 
a great thickness of shales with limestones, with few fossils. 
These would appear to be on the same horizon as the richly 
fossiliferous beds of Elbolton. Above these shales with lime- 
stones come the Pendleside limestones, black limestones with 
cherts, and with irregular bands of more fossiliferous limestone. 
The Ravensholme limestone appears to be similar and to 
contain some of the same fauna as the highest limestone at 
Cracoe and the limestone of the railway quarry at Rylstone. 
The Sabden shales succeed these beds, and lead up to the Mill- 
stone Grit series. A map was exhibited on which some of 
these generalisations were shown. 
AN OLD BATTLE FOUGHT OVER AGAIN. 
According to The Yorkshire Observer the discussion on 
this paper drifted almost entirely on to a rather warm con- 
troversy upon the origin of the reef-knolls of that area and of 
Craven. Professor Fearnsides, premising that he was brought 
up scientifically at Cambridge, expounded the view held by 
Dr. Marr, that the knolls were masses caused by a squeezing 
of the limestone in the course of earth-movements, and the 
doubling of beds by them being overthrust laterally one upon 
another. 
ORIGIN OF REEF-KNOLLS. 
Dr. Vaughan, of Oxford, turned upon the speaker with 
vigour, and the old battle, which made the Bradford meeting 
of the British Association memorable, was fought over again 
in the light of the new work of ‘ zoning the limestone,’ in which 
Dr. Vaughan has had the lion’s share. Dr. Vaughan denied 
that the origin of the knolls was any longer a matter of specu- 
lation. It was a matter of observation. If we examined the 
limestone in the valley of the Meuse at Dinant, in Belgium, one 
could see in sections the whole structure of just such a knoll as 
exists in Yorkshire. There was no sign of squeezing or over- 
thrusting. It was just a thickened mass due to vast accumu- 
Naturalist, 
