1867-] DR. J. E. GRAY ON SPONGES. 495 



The two latter are Zoophytaria, and not sponges. The arrange- 

 ment is based : — " E solidarum natura ordines, e contextnra ge- 

 nera, e cseteris characteribus species et varietas." 



Almost all the species mentioned as belonging to the genera are 

 new and not described in this paper ; so that it is impossible to de- 

 termine what they are except for such persons as have specimens 

 named by the author. When a described species is named it is 

 quoted after the genus in the above extract. 



In the ' Isis,' 1834, Nardo changed the names of the genera, Aply- 

 sia to Aplysina and Ircinia to Hircinia ; and in 1844 he added the 

 genus Spongelia, which is the same as Duseideia of Johnston, 1842. 



In 1842 Dr. John Hogg (Ann. & Mag. N. H. viii. 1842, p. 5) 

 proposed the following divisions of the "Order Spongi^": — 



Division I. Sponyice subcornece. The fibres of a somewhat homy 

 substance without any spicula. Spongia pulchella. 



Division II. Spongice subcorneo-silicecB. Fibres composed of a 

 somewhat horny substance with numerous siliceous spicula. No 

 British species. 



Division III. Spongice subcartilagineo-calcarece. Fibres of some- 

 what cartilaginous substance, with the spicula calcareous. Spongia 

 compressa, S. botryoides, &c. 



Division IV. Spongice subcartilagineo-silicece . Fibres composed 

 of a somewhat cartilaginous substance with siliceous spicula. 

 Spongia tomentosa, S. palmata, and Spongilla Jluviatilis. 



Division V. Spongice subereo-silicece. Fibres of a corky sub- 

 stance with long siliceous spicula. Spongia verrucosa and S. jnlosa. 



"At the Scientific Congress held atLucca(1843)Dr.Nardo proposed 

 9 new classification of the Spongiadce, dividing them into five fami- 

 lies, under the names of Corneospongia, Silicospongia, Calcispongia, 

 Corneo-silicospongia, Corneo-calcispongia. These families contain 

 thirty genera."' — Morris, Ann. ^Mag. N. H. iv. p. 242, 1849 ; from 

 the Atti della quinta unione degli Scien. Ital. tenuta in Lucca 1843, 

 p. 436. 



Hogg, in 'Ann. & Mag. N. H.' viii. p. 190, 1851, remarks, "By 

 comparing these with my proposed division of the order Spongise, 

 published two years before at pages 5 and 6 of the September num- 

 ber, 1841, of the 'Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.' (vol. viii.), it will be 

 seen that Dr. Nardo's classification is in most essentials much the 

 same as mine, the only new part appearing to me to be his last 

 and Jifth family, which I suppose comprises those species wherein 

 horny fibres combined with calcareous spicula may have been de- 

 tected." 



Dr. Bowerbank, in his paper on Spongiadce in the * Philosophical 

 Transactions' for 1862, p. 1091, gives the following tabular view of 

 the systematic arrangement : — 



Class PORIFERA. Order I. Calcarea : Graniia, Leucosolenia, 

 Leuconia, Leucogypsia. 



Order II. Silicea. Suborder 1. Spiculo-radiate skeletons: Geo- 



