1867.] DR. E. CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. 605 



side only, forming a rounded orifice, which measures about 2 inches 

 in diameter. The third stomach is also lined with small papillae, 

 some of which, near to the oesophageal extremity, are pointed and 

 resemble those of some of the smaller ruminants. This cavity is 

 furnished with seven valvular slips (3, 3, 3), varying in length from 

 2 to 4 inches, so as to leave pouch-like projections between ; but these, 

 when the stomach is inflated, are seen to be of small size, although 

 in the adult animal their dimensions may be considerable. A long 

 crescentic-shaped valve (4) projects into the large opening between 

 the third and fourth stomachs. The fourth and last stomach (E), 

 like the fourth stomach of a ruminant, is quite smooth ; but it pos- 

 sesses no longitudinal folds as seen in the digestive stomach of rumi- 

 nants ; the pyloric valve is of moderate thickness. At the com- 

 mencement of the fourth stomach, for the space of about 10 square 

 inches, the lining membrane is smooth and white; beyond this it is 

 red and more elevated, so that these portions of the stomach evi- 

 dently perform a different function. 



In the third stomach I found the large round solid mass of hay 

 and straw which I exhibit ; it is about 5 inches in diameter when 

 dried, but when first examined it was of much larger size. The val- 

 vular slips and pouch-like divisions in this cavity, which I have 

 already described, would lead to the belief that the food might assume 

 a globular shape in thisviscus. But such an accumulation as I have 

 mentioned must, I think, be abnormal ; it will, however, be interest- 

 ing to examine carefully the contents of this cavity in an adult ani- 

 mal. I believe that the food passes from the third to the fourth 

 stomach in the form of pellets, and that the dry and unnatural food 

 (hay and straw) occasioned the enlargement met with. 



I have made the subjoined sketch of the stomachs when laid open, 

 the letters and figures already given indicate the various parts. 



The microscopical appearances of the intestinal tube I reserve for 

 another paper. 



The intestinal tube below the stomach is of moderate calibre ; the 

 small intestines when distended measure from 1|^ to I| inch in dia- 

 meter. The large intestines when inflated are 3 inches in diameter, 

 the capacity of this part of the canal amounting to about thirty-three 

 quarts ; this added to the capacity of the stomach and oesophagus 

 makes the total capacity of the intestinal tube about forty-nine quarts. 

 I do not speak with perfect accuracy, but the figures are not far 

 from correct. I scarcely need remark that the capacity after death, 

 and when the muscles are relaxed and viscera are unconfined by the 

 abdominal walls, greatly exceeds that during life. 



As I have said, there is no csecum ; but the intestine enlarges about 

 10 feet from the anus; and at this part is seated a large gland 

 similar in appearance to that in the Giraffe, but of greater extent, as 

 the drawing now exhibited (see p. 606) shows. The preparation of 

 this gland in spirits before the Society is much contracted since its 

 immersion, so that it gives but a very imperfect notion of its original 

 appearance. It covers a space of about 6 square inches, and it is 

 about 6 inches in length. The crypts or sacculi amount to about 



