1867.] DR. E. CRISl' ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. 691 



dices are true and separate stomachs, that the cavities in the third 

 stomach are not pouches like those of the Camel and Dromedary, 

 and that there are no folds in the fourth stomach. In tlie new-born 

 Hippopotamus, as in a young ruminant at birth, it is probable that 

 the stomach would present some peculiarities not observed at a later 

 period. 



For the better understanding of this subject let me take a hasty 

 glance at the gastric organ and parts of the intestinal apparatus in 

 the various mammalian groups. In the quadrumana the stomach, 

 except in the Semnopitheci that have three gastric cavities, is for 

 the most part simple. The same may be said of the Cheiroptera 

 and Carnaria. Among the Marsupiata the Kangaroos and Potoros 

 (Hypsipiyjnnus) have two stomachs, with numerous pouch-like dila- 

 tations externally. Among the rodents the stomach in most is par- 

 tially divided, and the caecum generally is very large. In the Eden- 

 tata the Bradypi (Sloths) have a very large stomach, with four divi- 

 sions. In the Pangolins {Manis) there is a slight division of the 

 gastric organ. The ruminants, as is well known, have the most 

 complicated form of stomach, not only as regards the shape of the 

 four cavities, but more especially in relation to the numerous papillae, 

 villi, and folds on the mucous surface. The Cetacea present some 

 of the most remarkable and unaccountable differences as regards the 

 complication of the stomach. The stomach of the Porpoise and the 

 Dolphin on the table fully exemplify this. In the former, which is 

 19 inches in length, there are four divisions — the two first rugous, 

 the two last smooth. In the stomach of the Dolphin, which is nar- 

 row and 25 inches in length, there are seven divisions. The stomach 

 of the Porpoise may be taken generally as a model for that of the 

 larger Cetacea, four cavities being the usual mimber. It is very re- 

 markable that the llesh-eating Dolphins sliould have a more com- 

 plicated stomach than the herbivorous Cetacea, such as the Manatee, 

 Dngongs, and Stellerines. 



I now come to the Pachydermata ; and it will be seen that great 

 differences exist in the form of the stomach, as well as in the intes- 

 tinal appendages, caeca, rugae, villi, and intestinal glands. In the 

 Pigs {Suidce) the stomach is partially divided. The Peccaries {Di- 

 cotyles) have a sacculated stomach, with three principal divisions. 

 The Rhinoceros has a simple stomach, as have also the Elephants 

 and Tapirs. The stomach of the Hyrax has two compartments. In 

 the Horses (Equidce) the gastric cavity is simple. None of the pa- 

 chyderms can be strictly said to have simple stomachs ; for in all 

 there is a division ; but I use the term simple when there are no 

 distinct valves or muscular folds to denote the boundaries. 



On comparing the stomach of the Hippopotamus with that of the 

 other pachyderms it will be seen that the viscus affords but little 

 resemblance to any of them ; nor does it to that of the other animals 

 I have named with complicated stomachs. Probably, as regards ex- 

 ternal form, the stomach of the Manatee {Manatus nmericanus), from 

 the forked appearance given by the two appendices, resembles that of 

 the Hippopotamus more than any other animal ; l)ut the interior, 



