692 DR. E. CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. [June 27, 



both as regards shape and the arrangement of the valves and rugse, 

 differs materially from the stomach of the Hippopotamus, which has 

 a greater resemblance, in the distribution and form of the villi and in 

 the appearance of the fourth cavity, to the villi and the stomach of a 

 ruminant ; indeed, looking to the mechanical arrangement of the 

 muscular valves in the first three stomachs, it may naturally be asked 

 does this animal ruminate ? 



Another important peculiarity in the Hippopotamus is the absence 

 of a caecum, the animal in this respect differing from the other pa- 

 chyderms. As is well known, this cavity in the Elephant, Tapir, 

 Horse, Zebra, Quagga, and Rhinoceros is very large, whilst in the 

 Pigs it is of moderate size. In the little Hyrax it is very capacious, 

 with two additional appendices towards the rectum. The villi, in- 

 testinal folds, and glands differ also materially from those of the 

 other members of this family. The long villi and folds in the intes- 

 tines of the Rhinoceros, the mucous folds in the stomach and small 

 intestines of the Elephant, the rugous cfecum of the Tapirs, and many 

 other peculiarities and differences might readily be pointed out. 



I may here remark (and I speak from numerous and extensive 

 examinations) that in the various orders of mammals none of them, 

 as regards their visceral anatomy, have so great a general resemblance 

 to each other as the ruminants. 



Length of the intestinal canal. — All the pachyderms have a long 

 alimentary tube, as will be seen by the following table of animals in 

 which I have measured it : — 



feet. in. 



Male Asiatic Elephant* 106 



Female Asiatic Elephant 1 23 



Common Hog {Sus scrofa) 86 



Wart Hog {Phacochcerus cethiopicus) .... 36 4 



Elian's Hog (P. o-Zm^iO 29 8 



Red River-Hog {Potamochoerus), about the same length. 



Masked Hog \Sus larvatiis), young 29 2 



Japanese Hog {S. japonensis) 50 7 



Barbary Hog 49 6 



V&c,c?t.ry, CoXlsxedi {Dicotyles torquatus) .. 31 



Peccary, White-lipped (Z). labiatus) 28 



Hyrax {Hyrax cajjensis) 12 6 



Tapir ( Ta2iirus americanus) , 72 



Tapir 62 



Dray Horse, old 108 



Blood Mare, old 94 



Zebra (Equus zebra) 07 



According to Professor Owen the length of the alimentary canal 

 of the Rhinoceros dissected by him was, in the female 73 feet, in the 

 male 96 feet (Trans. 1862). 



* In the article " Pacliydermata," in ' Todd's Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Phy- 

 siology,' p. 871, the prodigious extent of the intestinal canal of an Elephant seven- 

 teen years of a^e is said to be 58 feet 6 inches. 



