762 EEPORT— 1888. 



methods of acquiring capital, land, ordinary labour, and managerial ability. 

 Economic reaction of these methods. Municipal advantages in competition, 

 extending even to the destruction of rents both of land and ability. Gradual 

 extinction of the proprietary class. Relation of the municipalities to the central 

 government. Consummation of Social Democracy. 



3. The Tendency of Competition io result in Monopoly. 

 By Professor Foxwell. 



4. Associative Economics applied to Colonisation. By "W. L. Rees. 



The question of emigration is daily becoming more important to Great 

 Britain. 



The yearly increase of her population and the serious diminution Ln the num- 

 bers of labourers employed in agriculture, as well as the severe competition of 

 foreign manufactures, render it necessary that some provision should be made to 

 transplant the unemployed to the Colonies for the purpose of settlement upon the 

 waste lands. 



In olden times migration took place either by nations or by communities. In 

 the Middle Ages by communities only, which system, under the name of special 

 settlements, has been largely practised till the present time, although iudi^ddual 

 emigration has in modern days become greatly predominant. The large majority 

 of those to whom emigration is now necessary are unable thus to leave the United 

 Kingdom by reason of poverty. They are also unwilling by reason of fear of the 

 sea and the unknown land, and of being obliged to recommence life among strangers 

 without any certainty of help or success. 



They are for the most part unfit also ; they do not possess the energy, courage, 

 aptitude, and self-reliance necessary to make successful colonists, such as belonged 

 to the earlier and bolder men who have raised new Englauds in the outlying parts 

 of the empire. 



Nor are the circumstances which surround immigrants in these days so favour- 

 able to individual settlement as of old. The available land near the harbours and 

 centres of population is all gone. Employment is not so plentiful as in earlier 

 days, and the operation of our present economic laws is causing the reproduction 

 to some extent in most of the Colonies of the difficulties which harass older 

 countries. 



The only method of colonisation likely to be successful is the associative or co- 

 operative method, by associations registered under the Joint Stock Companies Act, 

 in which the capitalist, the labourer or producer, and the consumer or purchaser 

 should be joined together as partners: — 



The capitalist to receive a moderate interest and a share of profits and increased 

 values ; 



The labourer, including all employed by the association, to receive wages or 

 salary and a share of the profits and increased values ; 



The consumer or purchaser to receive his goods and a share of the profits and 

 increased values. 



The capital would be secured upon the property, and expended in making it 

 productive, and therefore of value. 



Production to be on a large scale, and markets secured, either through the co- 

 operative bodies now existing or others formed upon the same lines. 



Going in companies to a certain destination upon certain and constant employ- 

 ment, only dependent upon good behaviour, and with a certainty of sharing in 

 profits, the future would look bright enough, and hope would give fresh life and 

 vigour. 



This plan of colonisation would open many avenues for the utilisation of idle 

 lands by idle labour ; would relieve the ratepayers from much, if not all, of the 

 poor-rates ; would increase commerce, strengthen the Colonies, produce fresh wealth. 



