BATE OF EROSION OF THE SEA-COASTS OF ENGLAND AND WALES. 907 



mouth, causing a back current from the south (as per sketch), d. The sand 

 dunes are not increasing, and they have to a large extent been removed (see 

 13), and parts have recently been converted into parks, e. The dunes are 

 grass-grown, and the sand does not blow over the adjoining land to any 

 extent. 



^^JC^o^-^. 



.'.X^y 



/ 



/> 



Note. — Aitows denoto tidal currents before the building of the piers, causing a 

 deposition of sand at x. 



19. The Tyne piers completely stop the travel of any shingle from the north to 

 this piece of coast. All the shingle accumulated in the little coves consists 

 of debris from the limestone cUfIs and from the boulder clay, which in 

 parts covers the limestone. The north end of the clifi-line is consequently 

 more destitute of it than the south end. The largest accumulation, and, in 

 fact, the only deposit affording any protection to the coast-line, is at the 

 south end of the Whitburn Sands. Near the middle of the Whitburn Sands, 

 at the mouth of a small stream, there are indications of a submerged forest, 

 in the stumps of old trees in situ, now below or near high-water mark. 

 These were, however, covered with sand when last I examined the locality. 



P. Reports to the "War Department and to other Government 

 Departments on Various Parts of the South-eastern Coasts 

 (1856-1867). 



By J. B. Eedman, M.Inst.C.E., F.G.S., F.E.G.S. 

 (Printed by permission of the War Department.) 



1. SAND OWN CASTLE. 



The Secretary of State for War to the Mayor of Beat. 



War Office, Pall Mall, April 1857. 

 SlE, — 1. On the 4th September last your predecessor addressed to the Secretary of 

 State for War a Memorial of the inhabitants of Deal upon the subject of the danger 

 which is apprehended from the ravages of the sea upon the high shingle beach, which, 

 until recently, has formed a sufficient barrier between the sea and the town of Deal, 

 together with adjacent properties. 



