ON PHOTOGRAPHS FROM ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PICTURES AND SCULPTURES. 455 



of Pun, in phot. 743, from the wall of Horemheb of the Eighteenth 

 dynasty, and any of the utter negroes of the tableaux. 



There is a point in this phot. 743 to which I wish to direct attention. 

 These ambassadors, nobles of Pun, wear the peculiar pointed beard, 

 curved forward, which the Egyptians assigned to their gods. Does not 

 this well agree with the belief on their part, that this was the divine 

 land where their golden age of Horus and his servants had been, and 

 whence sprang the gods and the godlike ? And does not this actual 

 survival of the beard sacred in Egypt on the chins of the noblesse of 

 Pun point to the historic character which some Egyptologists have 

 ascribed to the Horus-legend ? 



It is worth while to notice that on the pillars of the temple at Soleb 

 one head alone of the captives bearing the name-rings of tributary places 



wears this peculiar beard. It is the chief of ^^ // / , a place which I 

 have mentioned above under the name ^^*^^— ^ No. 7 of the latter 

 part of the series of 18. (Leps. ' Denkm.' Abth. iii. Bl. 88.) 



I do not venture to affirm that this is a man and place of Pun, but 

 the beard deserves notice. 



III. Northerns. We will take first the nomadic tribes whom the 

 Egyptians encountered first in the open desert beyond their fortified 

 frontier line to the east of the Delta. 



1. Here we have the ^*^ 1^ .^T. C m. ^^ Menti of the Sati; the Bedawin 



of Sinai, Palestine, and the Hauran, as M. Maspero defines the ex- 

 pression; the former word meaning shepherds, the latter bowmen. 

 Cast 95. 



I have sometimes thought it worth inquiry whether the Sati-u (or 

 Sitiou, as M. Maspero vocalises the name) are to be connected with the 

 Suti, the bow-bearing desert folk of whom Fr. Delitzsch writes (' Wo lag 

 das Paradies ? ' 235). It is to be borne in mind that the hordes of 

 barbarians who mastered Lower Egypt under the Hyksos were called 

 ' in a general way. Mention, the shepherds, or Sitiou, archers ' (Maspero, 

 ' Hist.' 4th ed. 164), as their chiefs were called Hyksos, from the Egyp- 

 tian Hiq, king, and Shasti, of whom we next speak. 



2. lilll 5v ^ ^ Shdsu, plunderers. We meet with these people from 



the frontiers of Egypt far away into Syria. They seem a Semitic people, 

 and are considered generally as Arabs, and play a most important part 

 from the earliest dynasties of Egypt downwards. Casts 40-48. 



3. Next we will take the geographical terms which, vague at best, 

 were long established and well recognised. ^^'^ I • ButJien hirt, 

 Upper Ruthen. Southern Syria generally identified with Palestine. 



4. f~^r ^^ ^ Buthen KJiert, Lower Ruthen. The country north 

 of Upper Ruthen. The whole Ruthen region embraces, as M. de Saulcy 

 has pointed out, the Syria of Strabo ; all Palestine with the Phoenician 

 coast to the west from el-Arish to Silicia, and to the east Arabia Petraea, 

 Moab, Ammon, the Hauran, the Ledja, and the territory of Damascus. 

 Indeed some captives even from the Euphrates Valley are vaguely 

 reckoned among the Ruthennu. It is the term that distinguishes the 

 Aramaic lordship of Syria from the mastery of those invaders from the 



