892 EEPORT— 1887. 



laud to the northern coast of Africa and interred its dead in chambers formed of 

 five large blocks of stone. Though the custom of burying in these cromlechs con- 

 tinued into the bronze age, the majority of them go back to the neolithic period. 



Are we to suppose, then, that one stream of Aryan immigrants, after making 

 its way to the west, wandered along the western coast of Europe, and even- 

 tually crossed the Straits of Gibraltar and took possession of Africa ? Or are 

 we to believe that the Aryan race of southern Scandinavia was allied in blood, 

 though not in language, with a population which inhabited the extreme west of 

 Europe, and had, it may be, at the close of the glacial epoch, passed over to the 

 neighbouring mountains of Africa ? It must be remembered that the Kabyle com- 

 plexion is not precisely the same as that of the Scandinavian. Both are white, but 

 the skin of the one has a semitransparent appearance, while the whiteness of the 

 other may be described as mealy. It will be worth while to determine whether 

 between the dolichocephalism of the Kabyle and the dolichocephalism of the 

 Scandinaxian any distinction can be drawn. 



The question has a bearing on the oiigin of a part of our own population. J 

 have already compared the Kabyle with the ' red Kelt.' But the expression ' red 

 Kelt,' like most popular expressions, is by no means exact. It confuses in one two 

 distinct types. The large-limbed, red-haired Highlander, who calls to mind the 

 description given of the Kelts by the Latin historians, stands in marked contrast 

 to the small-limbed, liglit-complexioned Kelt of certain districts in Ireland, whose 

 skin is freckled rather than burnt red by the sun. The determination of the 

 several racial elements in these islands is particularly difficult on account of the 

 intermixture of population, and nowhere is the difficulty greater than in the case 

 of the Keltic portion of the community. Long before the Roinan conquest the 

 intrusive Aryan Kelt had been intermarrying with the older inhabitants of the 

 country, who doubtless belonged to more than one race, the result being that the 

 so-called Keltic race is an amalgamation of races differing physiologically but 

 dominated by a common moral and intellectual character — the consequence of sub- 

 jection for a long series of generations to the same conditions of life. It has 

 tjecome a commonplace of ethnology that the so-called Keltic race includes not only 

 the fair-complexioned Aryan Kelt, but also the ' black Kelt ' or Iberian with dark 

 skin, black hair and eyes, and small limbs. The subject, however, is much more 

 complex than this simple division would imply. We have seen that under the 

 ' red Kelt ' are included two distinct varieties ; the ' black Kelt ' is equally irre- 

 ducible to a single type, while the fact that the two types of ' red ' and ' black ' 

 recur in the same family — my own, for example — not only indicates their long- 

 continued intermixture, but suggests the existence of intermediate varieties. The 

 limitatious and relations of dolichocephalism and brachycephalism within the race 

 also need further investigation. I hope that this meeting, held as it is on the 

 borders of what is still a distinctively Keltic country, may help to settle these and 

 similar problems. 



Meanwhile I will conclude this address, which has already extended to an 

 inordinate length, by directing your attention to two Unes of evidence which have 

 an important liearing on the question of the extent to which the Keltic element 

 enters into the existing British population. A few years ago it was the fashion to 

 assert that the English people were mainly Teutonic in origin, and that the older 

 British population had been exterminated in the protracted struggle it carried on 

 Avith the heathen hordes of Anglo-Saxon invaders. The statement in the ' Saxon 

 Chronicle ' was quoted, that the garrison of Anderida, or Pevensey, when captured 

 by the Saxons in a.d. 491, was all put to the sword. But it is obvious that the 

 fact would not have been singled out for special mention had it not been exceptional, 

 while it is equally obvious that invaders who came by sea can hardly have brought 

 their wives and children with them, and must have sought for both wives and 

 slaves in the natives of the island. Mr. Coote, in his 'Romans of Britain,' and 

 Mr. Seebohm, in his ' English Village Community,' have pointed out the con- 

 tinuity of laws and customs and territorial rights between the Roman and the 

 Saxon eras, presupposing a continuity of population, and anthropologists have in- 

 sisted that the survival of early racial types in all parts of the country cannot be 



