EVOLUTION OF TOOLS, ETC. 53 
surface shows marks of abrasion indicating their use as grind- 
stones. . 
The “kitchen middens”’ of the north of Europe contain 
whetstones made of the best material the locality affords. 
Today the whetstone is used by all savage peoples. Often 
hammers and axes show abrasive marks, telling of their use 
as grindstones. 
Etchers and burnishers come into importance in the bronze 
age and many of the “Swiss Lake” implements are elaborate- 
ly etched and doubtless were highly polished when new. 
The third division of M. de Mortillet’s includes implements 
use for fracturing, crushing and pounding. 
Chipping instruments are in use by all savage people who 
work.in such rock as flints and cherts. Almost all papers 
discussing flint blocks and arrows go into considerable detail 
in describing the method of using a pin of bone to do the final 
finishing of the implement. Today the implements are made 
of such materials as bone, antler, hardened wood and stone. 
In using the chipper, the flint is held in the hand against 
a piece of leather-or another stone, and pressure is exerted 
downward near the edge of the flint. In this way thin flakes 
of the material are chipped away and the implement fashioned. 
Osborn” in his table does not include the chipper among his 
bone instruments, but there is no doubt that some of the in- 
struments classified by him as chisels or as smoothers were 
used for this purpose. 
The hammer is the universal tool. Dawson’s" account of 
the evolution of-the hammer is very good. He recognizes 
these types of hammers: 
“Disc-hammers are in their rudest form merely flat pebbles, 
suitable to be held in the hand, for driving wedges or chisels, 
or for breaking stones, bones, or nuts. In their more finished 
forms they are carefully fashioned of quartzite or greenstone, 
with one side convex and the other flat, or even slightly hol- 
lowed, and the edge neatly and regularly trimmed. Stones of 
this kind are found all over America on old Indian sites, and 
are almost equally common in Europe; and there can be little 
doubt from the habits of the modern Indians as to their ordin- 
10. Loe. Cit. 
11 Dawson, F. W. Fossil Men and Their Modern Representation. London, 1880. 
Pp. 112-115. ~ i 
