EVOLUTION OF TOOLS, ETC. 55 
broken, and it was evidently a miner’s  sledge-hammer. 
Grooved stones of this kind occur on prehistoric sites in Eu- 
rope, though they have sometimes been regarded as plum- 
mets or sling-stones. In America similarly grooved pebbles 
are often found in circumstances which lead to the belief 
that they have been sinkers for nets. These are, however, 
usually of stone too soft to have been used for hammers, and 
have no marks of use on the ends. The ordinary sinker for 
lines and nets is, however, on both sides of the Atlantic a 
pear-shaped or drop-shaped stone, with a grove for the line 
at the sharp end.” 
Grinding apparatus is in universal use. The mortar ap- 
peared in Azilian times but flat stones were used for crushing 
grain long before. The lava mortar of Mexican peons is in 
use extensively in Mexico, and is but little better than those of 
much more primitive cultures. 
In M. de- Mortillet’s fourth class are included instruments 
designed for use in perforating. 
The borer is recognized from Pre-Chellean times, and re- 
mained a recognizable, though not conspicuous, element in 
the cultured throughout Palaeolithic times. It was used largely 
for boring out pieces of wood for blade sockets and in the 
dressing of the skins of the animals slain by the primitive 
man. Its use upon stone is uncertain in the Palaeolithic, but 
the use of rock drills in the Neolithic is well shown by the 
axe-heads of polished stone having a socket for the insertion 
of a handle found in the late Paleolithic. 
The use of stone drills among the North American Indians 
is attested to by the presence of the calumet in any large col- 
lection of Indian implements. 
The needle appeared in Magdalean times and was conspicu- 
ous among the implements of the Azilian and Tardenoisian. It 
was usually in the shape of a long thin piece of bone, without 
an eye, and used much as the shoemaker’s awl is today. With 
it the old stone age people sewed the animal skins to make 
clothing. 
The late Neolithic and the Bronze Age needles were more 
elaborate” and were in many cases provided with eyes. Other 
boring tools of the Bronze Age were gimlets, and punches, 
but the prototype of the modern augur is absent. The principle 
12. Am. Rep. Peabody Mus., Cambridge. 1887. Pp. 581-586, 
