^6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. IO7 



Bay. If he had previously visited and explored Wineland, we do not 

 know where he actually went and what he called by that name. Most 

 of the alleged Norse finds are in or near the St. Lawrence drainage 

 area and if authenticated would merely confirm what we have in- 

 dependent reason to believe.^ 



SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS 



A few general conclusions may now be ventured. 



First, sound opinion identifies Helluland with Labrador, particu- 

 larly the northern part. Exception is taken mainly by students who 

 want to carry the Norsemen far to the south contrary to the probabili- 

 ties, and are obliged to force an identification with Newfoundland. 



The better scholarship is divided as to the location of Markland, 

 one school holding it was Newfoundland though admitting that it 

 possibly included southern Labrador, while the other believes that it 

 was southern Labrador but possibly included northern Newfoundland. 



This division of opinion is occasioned by the belief of one school 

 that the Norse in voyaging south kept to the east of Newfoundland 

 and the belief of another school that they entered the Gulf of St. 

 Lawrence through the Strait of Belle Isle. The former seeks to find 

 the Wonder-strands on the east shore of Cape Breton Island and Nova 

 Scotia, Keelness at the northern end of the former, and Streamfirth 

 either in the Bay of Fundy or some inlet on the outside coast of 

 Nova Scotia toward its southern end. The other school identifies the 

 Wonder-strands with the southern coast of Labrador and finds 

 Streamfirth in the estuary of St. Lawrence River, Chaleur Bay, or 

 some neighboring inlet, but is not agreed as to the location of 

 Keelness. 



There are also two theories which may be said to occupy premier 

 positions regarding the location of Hop or Wineland. One places it 

 in Nova Scotia or some territory immediately adjoining. The other 

 identifies it with some point on the southern coast of New England. 



For reasons already given, mainly the closer resemblance of con- 

 ditions found along the south Labrador coast to the description of 

 the Wonder-strands, I favor Steensby's theory on this point, identify- 

 ing Helluland with northern Labrador, Markland with southern 

 Labrador, and the Wonder-strands, as just stated, with part of the 

 southern Labrador coast. I also agree with him in finding Stream- 

 firth in the estuary of the River St. Lawrence, but differ entirely in 



3 This question has been very thoroughly covered by Holand (1940), but the 

 authenticity of the Kensington Stone is still doubted by some. 



