782 EEPOET— 1889. 



race. These two are tlie tall, fair, doliclio-ceplialic Scandinavian race of the kitchen 

 middens, and the tall, red brachy-cephalic race of the round harrows. In deter- 

 mining which of these is to be considered as the ancestral Aryan race, the following 

 arguments have to be considered. 



(1.) At the close of the neolithic age, or the beginning of the bronze age, the 

 brachy-cephalic people invaded Britain. They must be identified with the Celts, 

 and spoke an Arj'an language. If at this time they were in possession of metal 

 their civilisation was higher than that of the undivided Ar^'ans, but they were 

 the same race which in neolithic times occupied Belgium and Denmark, and were 

 in the pastoral stage of civilisation of the undivided Aryans. 



(2.) The Scandinavian race must be identified with the people of the Danish 

 kitchen middens, who were ignorant of metals and the rudest agriculture, and 

 whose only domesticated animal was the dog ; whereas the primitive Aryans 

 can be shown, on linguistic grounds, to have been a pastoral people, who had 

 domesticated the ox and probably also the sheep and the goat, and who were ac- 

 quainted with cereals of some kind. 



(3.) Anthropologically this ancient Gelto-Slavic race cannot be distinguished 

 from the Ugric tribes of Eastern Russia, who are brachy-cephalic, and mostly with 

 light or reddish hair. Now the Aryan speech exhibits so much agreement in its 

 fundamental grammatical structure with the Fiuno-Ugric language that it can only 

 be explained as having been evolved out of a language of this class. 



(4.) The primitive Aryans must have either been by race Scandinavians or 

 Slavo-Celts, and one must have imposed Aryan speech on the other. At the 

 beginning of the historic period the Celts occupied the valley of the Danube, and 

 the Teutons the coasts of the Baltic. They were in contact along the Erzgebirge — 

 the central mountain chain of Germany. When two races are in contact, that which 

 possesses the higher grade of culture usually succeeds in imposing its language 

 on the less cultivated race. Now Dr. Schrader has shown that the early Teutonic 

 culture-words are largely loan-words from the Celtic — especially the political, 

 religious, and metallurgic terms. At some very early prehistoric period it would 

 appear that the Celts who occupied Southern Germany dominated and civilised 

 the ruder Teutonic tribes of Northern Germany. The Celts seem to have been in a 

 higher stage of culture than the Germans, and therefore it is more probable that 

 the Celtic race Aryanised the Teutonic race than that the Teutonic race Aryanised 

 the Celtic race. 



If, with De Quatrefages, we venture to trace back the neolithic races to palaeo- 

 lithic times, a further generalisation may perhaps be ventured on, and the four 

 neolithic races may possibly be reduced to two. Stature and complexion are more 

 variable than the shape of the head and of the orbits of the eyes. The two brachy- 

 cephalic races, the Lapponoid and the Mongoloid, may have had a single origin, 

 and be referred to the Grenelle race, whose stature was nearly that of the Magyars, 

 while the dolicho-cephalic races may also be referred to a single type — that of the 

 Neanderthal or the Cro-Magnon skull. The first, with its high cephalic and orbital 

 indices, is essentially Asiatic, and may be affiliated to the yellow race ; while the 

 second, without its low cephalic aud orbital indices, is essentially African, and may 

 be affiliated to the black race. Two hypotheses are possible^either the human race 

 originated in Europe, bifurcating into the African and Asiatic races ; or we may 

 suppose the white or European race to have originated from the union of the yellow 

 race of Asia and the black race of Africa. 



5. The Ethnological Significance of the Beech} 

 By Canon Isaac Taylor, Litt.D., LL.D. 



While the Latin faffus and the Gothic boJca denote the beech, the word has 

 come to mean the oak in Greek. Professor Max Miiller, noting the fact that in pre- 

 historic times the beech-forests of Denmark were preceded by oaks, conjectured 



' Published in exicnso in Knowledge, November 1889. 



