ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 805 



II. Tribes speaking the Tsirashian proper : 



1. Ts'Emsia'n, on the mouth of Skeena River=on the Ksia'n. 



2. Gyits'amra'lon, below the canon of Skeena River=people on 



the upper part of the river. 



3. Gyits'ala'ser, at the canon of Skeena River= canon people. 



4. Gyitqa'tla, on the islands off the mouth of Skeena River:= 



people of the sea. 



5. Gyitg'a'ata, on the shores of Grenville Channel ^people of the 



poles, so called on account of their salmon weirs. 



6. Gyidesdzo', north-west of Milbank Sound. 



Some of these tribes are subdivided into septs, each of which inhabits 

 onejvillage (see ' Ztschr. fiir Ethnologic,' 1888, p. 232). 



*" The Tsimshian are called by the Tlingit Ts'otsQs'n ; by the Heiltsuk' 

 Kwe'tEla ; by the Bilqula, Elql'min ; while the Haida designate each 

 tribe by its proper name. 



The whole people is divided into four clans : the raven, called Kan- 

 ha'da ; the eagle, called Laqski'yek ; the 7volf, called Laqkyebo' ; and the 

 bear, called GyispotuwE'da. Details on this subject will be found in the 

 chapter on social organisation, 



4. The Kwakiutl. — So far as I am aware, the language is spoken in 

 three dialects, the people speaking them not being wholly unintelligible 

 to each other : the Qaisla', the Heiltsuk', and the Kwakiutl proper. The 

 Qaisla' is spoken north of Grenville Channel ; the Heiltsuk' embraces the 

 tribes from Grenville Channel to Rivers Inlet ; the Kwakiutl proper is 

 spoken from Rivers Inlet to the central part of Vancouver Island. I do 

 not enter into an enumeration of the many tribes of this groujJ, one list 

 having been published by Dr. George M. Dawson in the ' Transactions of 

 the Royal Society of Canada,' 1887, another, accompanied by a detailed 

 map by the writer, in Petermann's ' Mittheilungen,' 1887. 



The most northern tribe of this group, the Qaisla', are called Gyit'ama't 

 by the Tsimshian; the Gyimanoitq of Gardner Channel are called 

 Gyitlo'p by the same people. The Heiltsuk" proper are called Wutsta' 

 by the Tsimshian, Elk-la'sumH by the Bilqula. 



5. Nootka. — Regarding their tribal divisions I would refer to Sproat's 

 •Scenes and Studies of Savage Life.' The PE'ntlatc call the Nootka 

 ^ole'itc, but as a rule this name is used for the tribes of Alberni Channel 

 only. The (j)atl6'ltq call these tribes O'mene, the Skqo'mic call them 

 Tc'Eca'atq. (Detailed information on the tribes of this stock will be 

 given in the report for 1890.) 



6. The Salish. — This important stock, which inhabits a large part of 

 British Columbia and the adjacent territories of the United States, is 

 represented by two groups of tribes on the coast of the province : — 



A. The Bilqula of Dean Inlet and Bentinck Arm, comprising four 

 tribes. 



B. The Coast Salish. — I comprise in this group the numerous dialects 

 of the Salish stock that are spoken on the coasts of the Gulf of Georgia 

 and of Puget Sound. Tlie difference between these tribes and those of 

 the interior, in regard to their mode of life and language, is so marked 

 that we may be allowed to class them in one large group. H. Halo and 

 A. Gallatin first pointed out their affinities to the Salish proper. A num- 

 ber of tribes of Pnget Sound are included under the name of Nisk\yalli 

 (more properly, Nskoa'li), but it seems to me that the subdivisions of the 



