ON THE NORTU-TTESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 811 



abundant. In a few cases it has a brownish tinge. In all tribes there 

 are a few individuals who have slightly wavy hair. In the village of 

 Sa'menos, in Cowitchin Valley, I observed wavy or even curly hair 

 comparatively frequently. It is worth remarking that the Indians have 

 a tradition referring to this fact, which shows that this peculiarity has 

 obtained for several generations. The eyebrows are thick, and remark- 

 ably wide on the outer side. This peculiarity may also be observed in 

 the carvings of these tribes. The eyebrows are carefully trimmed. The 

 heard is sparse, but it must be remembered that the hair is generally 

 pulled out as it appears, particularly on the cheeks, while the moustache 

 and the chin-tuft are allowed to grow. The iris is dark brown. Virchow 

 first pointed out the frequent occurrence of the plica interna. I found it 

 to occur very generally, particularly among the Haida and Tsimshian. 

 The face is wide, the cheek-bones prominent, the index chamae- 

 prosopic, averaging (including Virchow's measures) 831. The nose is 

 narrow, the root narrow and depressed. The ridge of the nose is fre- 

 quently depressed, particularly among the Haida aud Tsimshian ; while 

 among the Nootka, Kwakiutl, and Salish I observed very generally 

 straight or slightly hooked noses. It seems that the heads of the 

 southern tribes are decidedly more brachycephalic than those of the 

 northern tribes ; but it is difficult to decide how far that is due to arti- 

 ficial deformation. 



Prom the limited material at my disposal, I do not venture to describe 

 any physical features as characteristic of one tribe or the other. The 

 frequent intermarriages between the various tribes make it probable that 

 none of them shows peculiar somatological characteristics which do not 

 occur also among the neighbouring tribes. Notwithstanding this fact, it 

 is quite possible to distinguish individuals belonging to various tribes, 

 but this is principally due to the variety of artificial deformations. The 

 Kwakiatl have a remarkably deep sinus in the hair at its anterior margin. 

 Their heads are very long and wide, particularly when compared with 

 the width of the face. 



I am unable ia the present report to give a full description of the 

 crania and skeletons I collected ; the latter belong principally to tribes of 

 the Salish stock. I have only a single Tsimshian cranium, which, how- 

 ever, is of some interest. Plates X. to XV. are orthogonal tracings of four 

 Tsimshian crania. Nos. XI. to XIII. are from the Morton Collection in 

 the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. The 

 measurements of this series of crania are given in the table on the follow- 

 ing page. 



Notes.- — No. X. was a syphilitic individual. Marks of the disease are 

 seen particularly around the bregma and on the right parietal bone. 

 The cranium is asymmetrical, more particularly the occiput. The sagittal 

 suture in its hind part is depressed, while slight indications of a ridge 

 may be seen in the part immediately behind the bregma. The face ia 

 narrow as compared to the other specimens. The grooves of the lachrymal 

 duct are comparatively small. The most peculiar feature of the present 

 skull is its dental and alveolar prognathism of the upper row of teeth, 

 which project considerably over the lower one. 



Nos. XL, XII., and XIII. show very marked sagittal ridges. There is 

 no indication of prematui-e synostosis, and I conclude that this must be 

 considered a characteristic feature of these skulls. No. XII. has a flattened 

 occiput, but without any compensatory flattening of the forehead. This 



