ON THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES OF CANADA. 821 



described — that is, his nephews and nieces, and their descendants in the 

 female Hne — use the emblems he obtained in consequence of his adventure. 

 This accounts for the diversity of emblems and the variety of their grouping 

 on the carvings, paintings, and tattooings of the Indians. In these cases 

 the whole group would therefore more properly be styled phratry than 

 gens. The raven and wolf (eagle) groups of the Tlingit and Haida are 

 pre-eminently phratries. Each gens, which forms a subdivision of the 

 phratries, derives its origin from one of these mythical ancestors who 

 had an encounter with one of the animals of the phratry. 



The following is a partial list of the totems of each of the two phratries 

 of the Tlingit :— 



I. Raven : Raven, frog, goose, sea-lion, owl, salmon, beaver, codfish 

 (weq), skate. 



II. Wolf (eagle) : Wolf, bear, eagle, Delphinus orca, shark, auk, gull, 

 sparrow-hawk (g'ano'k), thunder-bird. 



Among this and all other tribes of the coast the crest of a group in- 

 cludes those animals which serve as the food of the animal from which the 

 group takes its name. 



As an example I enumerate the gentes of the Stikin tribe of the 

 Tlingit, the only one with members of whom I came into closer contact. 

 I give also the chief emblems of each gens : — 



I. Wolf: Nanaa'ri or siknaq'a'de, bear (corresponds to the Kagonta'n 

 of other Tlingit tribes). 

 Qok'e'de, Delphinus orca. 



II. Raven : K'asq'ague'de, raven. 

 Kyiks'a'de, frog. 

 K'atc'a'de, raven. 



Tir hit tan (■=barJc Tiotise gens), heaver. 

 Detlk-oe'de {='people of the point), raven. 

 K"agan hit tan (^stm house gens), raven. 

 Qetlk'oan, heaver. 



Among these the gens Nanaa'ri has six houses, the people of each 

 forming a sub- gens : — • 



1 . Hara'c hit tan, porch house gens. 



2. Tos hit tan, shark house gens. 



3. K"'etg6 hit tan, 



4. Quts hit tan, hear house gens. 



The names of the remaining two houses I did not learn. 



The proper names of members of the various gentes are derived from 

 their respective totems, each gens having its peculiar names. The con- 

 nection between name and totem is sometimes not very clear, but it 

 always exists. Here are a few examples taken from gentes of the 

 Stikin tribe : — 



Nanaa'ri names : 



Male : Tl'uck'E', ugly (danger face), referring to the bear. 

 G'aqe', crying man (referring to the howling wolf). 

 Sektutlqetl, scared of his voice (to wit, the wolf's). 

 Ank"aqu'ts, bear in snow. 



