1917] Estcrlij: Specificity in Behavior 387 



a form tliat moves periodically from one region to another can be 

 shown to be in different states or conditions that depend, apparentl.y, 

 upon the environment from which it comes. It is true, as Michael 

 (1916, p. xiii) has said, that "Reactions in a laboratory . . . may be 

 largely due to the particular individuals collected." 



If specimens of tonsa or clausi are used that have been collected 

 from depths of 10-20 fathoms during the middle of the day (at these 

 times it is practically impossible to get them at the surface), the 

 number of negative responses to light increases while the positive 

 responses decrease. Evidence to this effect appears in table 3. 



Females of A. tonsa and A. clausi, Obtained from 10-20 Fathoms During 

 TUE Day, in the same Hauls 



Resjjouses to liglit from ivindow 1 metre away; time and distance taken from 

 center to circumference of 16-cm. circle; animals kept in laboratory % to 2% 

 hours; temperatures 11°-14° C. 



Per cent of Av. time Av.no. 



whole no. in sees, to of Cm. 



No. of trials of trials go 8 cm. per sec. 



Total +— + — + — + — 



Tonsa 29 13 Ki 4.5 55 32.7 31.5 .25 .25 



Clausi 12 12 100 32.8 .24 



A comparison of the results set forth in table 3 with those in tables 

 1 and 2 strongly indicates that animals obtained where the light is 

 of relatively low intensitj' are negative to higher intensities. That 

 is, there is some relation between habitat and response. It can not 

 yet be established whether the animals are negative because of resi- 

 dence in that habitat or whether they reach the habitat because tney 

 previously liecame negatively heliotropie. But it is evident that the 

 liiid of respon.se is in some way related to environment. This con- 

 clusion is reinforced b.y some other data which also show the change 

 ])rnduc('d in the animals by laboratory conditions. 



Males and Females of A. tonsa. Obtained from 10-12 Fathoms 

 During the Day 



Responses to light from window 1 metre away; time and distance takeii from 

 center to circumferonee of 16-cm. circle; temperatures 12°-17° C. Sign of 

 response effected by laboratory conditions. 



nt of Av. time Av. no. 



no. in sees, to of cm. 



als eo 8 cm. per sec. 



— +' — + — 



82 28.2 43 .28 .19 



27.0 .30 

 Note 1. — Line 1 contains: 14 trials at 16°-17° C, 14 negative; 23 trials at 

 14°-15° C, 19 negative; 14 trials at 12°-13° C, 9 negative. 



Note 2. — The temperature during records of line 2 was 14°-15° C. 



