468 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vol. 16 



several centimeters but extremely variable. Considerable sand ad- 

 hering to tougher surface layer but a stratum of test just beneath 

 freer from sand than other parts. Color varying from brown to brown 

 with a distinct tinge of claret. Zooids in systems with about eight 

 animals in a system ; common eloacal orifiee.s on small rounded eleva- 

 tions regularly distributed over surface. 



Zooich. — Not thickly crowded and apparently at different levels in 

 the test, perhaps due to shrinkage ; consisting of thorax and abdomen, 

 a slight constriction at base of branchial sac marking separation. 

 Abdomen containing intestinal loop, reproductive organs, and heart; 

 from two to four times as long as thorax (pi. 44, fig. 52). Length of 

 zooid from 4 to 5 cm. in shrunken preserved condition. Muscle bands 

 of mantle in two strong sheets (m.h. and m.h.'. pi. 44, fig. 52) on 

 right and left sides of body and extending its entire length ; on both 

 sides the longitudinal muscles stronger than the transver.se ; the portion 

 of mantle free from muscle fibers often puckered between miiscle 

 sheets. The visceral organs protrude, hernia fashion, through this 

 less resistant portion of mantle, especially when reproductive organs 

 are at their fullest development. Ectodermal processes (e.p., pi. 44, 

 fig. 52) borne at posterior ends of zooids, two or three times length 

 of body. 



Branchial system. — Siphons long and tubular, each 6-lobed ; the 

 atrial iisually longer than the branchial, situated on dorsal side of 

 branchial .sac, often some distance from its anterior end ; remoteness 

 of the zooids from common eloacal orifice in the systems accounts for 

 long "goose-neck" character of the atrial siphon (pi. 44, fig. 53). 

 Branchial tentacles of different sizes, about thirty in number, scattered 

 over the surface of siphon instead of being in a circle. Branchial sac 

 with three series of stigmata and ten stigmata in a half-.series. Endo- 

 style iisually very convoluted, doubtless due to shrinkage. Dorsal 

 languets two, short and blunt. 



Digestive system. — Consisting of long loop occupying entire length 

 of abdomen ; plane of loop extending from right to left of zooid. 

 Emerging from greater part of posterior end of branchial sac is the 

 large, long esophagus which enters stomach (.s., pi. 44, fig. 52) located 

 past the middle of abdomen. Stomach somewhat flattened from right 

 to left and straight to outline across posterior end ; remaining outline 

 a regular curve, except for a depression located anteriorly into which 

 the esophagu.s enters. Stomach wall smooth on outer surface, fairly 

 thick; granular on inner surface. Intestine proper differentiated into 

 three distinct parts : the first a little longer than the stomach, enters an 

 enlarged second portion of about the same length, having firm thick 

 walls, and entering the rectal limb of the loop by a narrow tubular 

 constriction ; third is the rectal limb, the first portion of which is 

 enlarged and firm-walled for a distance equal to all the preceding 

 intestine ; anus at about level of posterior one-third of atrial chamber. 

 The two arms of tlie intestinal loop almost parallel throughout their 

 course (pi. 44, fig. 52). 



Reprocluctive system. — Ovary and testicular lobes on dorsal side 

 of intestinal loop and when fully developed, so voluminous as to make 

 zooid flask-shaped (t., pi. 44, fig. 52). Eggs develop in atrial eavitv 

 and become almost a.s large as branchial sac and produce a great 

 protuberance. 



